{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:35:45Z","timestamp":1789058145270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPSRC iCase PhD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSRC iCase PhD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Female development includes significant morphological changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify breast skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest and after exercise in the heat remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between BrSA and skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity in 20 young to middle\u2010aged women (27\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0years of age) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147\u2013502\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at rest and after a submaximal run in a warm climatic chamber (32\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0 53%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7% relative humidity). Skin stiffness above and below the nipple and tactile sensitivity from the nipple down were measured. Associations between BrSA and both skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest were determined via correlation analyses. Effects of exercise and test site were assessed by a two\u2010way ANOVA. Skin stiffness was positively correlated with BrSA 3\u00a0cm above the areola edge (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.61,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.005) and at the superior areola border (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.54,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.016), but not below the nipple (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt;\u00a00.05). The area 3\u00a0cm below the areola was also significantly stiffer than all other test sites (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.043). Tactile sensitivity did not vary with BrSA (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt;\u00a00.09), but it varied across the breast (i.e., the area 3\u00a0cm below the areola was more sensitive than the inferior areola edge;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.018). Skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity across the breast decreased after exercise by \u223c37% (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) and \u223c45% (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.008), respectively. These findings expand our fundamental understanding of the mechanosensory properties of the female breast, and they could help to inform sportswear innovation to better meet the support needs of women of different breast sizes at rest and following exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1724348313000},"page":"1698-1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The effect of female breast surface area on skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest and following exercise in the heat"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Blount","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences The University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Valenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences The University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, SPPEFF Department University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences The University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Caggiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PressureLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health Sciences The University of Southampton  Southampton 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