{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1778852312812,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exercise intolerance and exertional dyspnoea are hallmarks of fibrosing interstitial lung disease (FILD) and are associated with worse prognosis and quality of life. Activation of pulmonary vagal afferents influences the ventilatory pattern and contributes to the sensation of dyspnoea. We tested the hypothesis that nebulized fentanyl, which might attenuate aberrant pulmonary afferent activity in FILD, reduces ventilation and dyspnoea while extending exercise endurance time (EET). In this randomized, single\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled study, eight FILD patients (two males, 71\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00a0years of age) performed incremental cardiopulmonary cycle exercise tests following nebulization of either fentanyl citrate (100 \u00b5g) or 0.9% saline. Previous work indicated that this dose was unlikely to produce central effects. Comparisons between treatment conditions at rest were undertaken using Student's paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, and exercise data were evaluated with two\u2010way ANOVA with repeated measures. Dyspnoea was assessed using the Borg dyspnoea scale. Resting respiratory variables were not different following treatment with fentanyl and saline; however, resting heart rate was lower following fentanyl (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002) and remained lower throughout exercise compared with placebo (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008). Fentanyl did not increase EET (placebo 334\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0117\u00a0s vs. fentanyl 348\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0126\u00a0s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.250) although overall minute ventilation was reduced slightly (mean difference: \u22120.97 L\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022). There were no differences in ratings of dyspnoea intensity or unpleasantness between the conditions either at rest or at end\u2010exercise. Nebulized fentanyl did not improve EET or exercise dyspnoea but did decrease minute ventilation during exercise, although the extent of this reduction appears clinically insignificant. These findings suggest that nebulized fentanyl is unlikely to offer significant benefits for enhancing exercise capacity in FILD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T18:39:27Z","timestamp":1728758367000},"page":"15-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nebulized fentanyl does not improve exercise capacity or dyspnoea in fibrosing interstitial lung disease"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4701-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manaaki Manawa \u2013 The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kolbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences, Department of Medicine University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian F. R.","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manaaki Manawa \u2013 The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7851-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manaaki Manawa \u2013 The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.2.211","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society statement: ATS\/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"167","author":"American Thoracic Society & American College of Chest Physicians","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000133143.60584.38","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the perioperative opioid\u2010related symptom distress scale","volume":"99","author":"Apfelbaum J. 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