{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:58:23Z","timestamp":1790798303167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study applied alterations in partial pressure of end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide () to challenge dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) responses across the cardiac cycle in both biological sexes. A total of 20 participants (10 females and 10 males; aged 19\u201334\u00a0years) performed 4\u2010min bouts of repeated squat\u2013stand manoeuvres (SSMs) at 0.05 and 0.10\u00a0Hz (randomized orders) with  clamped at \u223c40\u00a0mmHg. The protocol was repeated for hypercapnic (\u223c55\u00a0mmHg) and hypocapnic (\u223c20\u00a0mmHg) conditions. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were insonated via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Dynamic end\u2010tidal forcing clamped , and finger photoplethysmography quantified beat\u2010to\u2010beat changes in blood pressure. Linear regressions were performed for transfer function analysis metrics including power spectrum densities, coherence, phase, gain and normalized gain (nGain) with adjustment for sex. During hypercapnic conditions, phase metrics were reduced from eucapnic levels (all <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.009), while phase increased during the hypocapnic stage during both 0.05 and 0.10\u00a0Hz SSMs (all <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.037). Sex differences were present with females displaying greater gain and nGain systole metrics during 0.10\u00a0Hz SSMs (all <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.041). Across  stages, females displayed reduced buffering against systolic aspects of the cardiac cycle and augmented gain. Sex\u2010related variances in dCA could explain sex differences in the occurrence of clinical conditions such as orthostatic intolerance and stroke, though the effect of fluctuating sex hormones and contraceptive use on dCA metrics is not yet understood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T03:39:42Z","timestamp":1731987582000},"page":"147-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Challenging dynamic cerebral autoregulation across the physiological CO<sub>2<\/sub> spectrum: Influence of biological sex and cardiac cycle"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel S.","family":"Burma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5397-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K. 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