{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T06:37:40Z","timestamp":1773470260945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cold temperatures (&lt;\u221215\u00b0C) increase exercise\u2010induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), while hypoxic\u2010induced hyperventilation exacerbates respiratory muscle fatigue for a given exercising task. This study aimed to determine the individual and combined effects of cold and normobaric hypoxia on the respiratory system responses to high\u2010intensity exercise. Fourteen trained male runners (: 64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0mL\/kg\/min) randomly performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion under four environmental conditions: normothermic (18\u00b0C) normoxia (: 20.9%) and hypoxia (: 13.5%), and cold (\u221220\u00b0C) normoxia and hypoxia. Ventilatory responses during exercise and lung function (LF), maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressure measurements before and after exercise were evaluated. Volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1\u00a0s (FEV1), FEV1\/forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow during the mid (25\u201375%) portion of the FVC, and maximal expiratory flow at 50% of FVC were affected by cold exposure. No significant pre\u2010 to post\u2010exercise change in MIP and MEP was found, independent of environmental conditions. Greater LF impairments in cold\u2010normoxia and coldhypoxia were associated with the lowest peak ventilatory responses during exercise. Cold exposure was found to negatively impact peak ventilatory responses and post\u2010exercise LF, further highlighting a relationship between EIB presence and the blunted ventilatory response in the cold. Respiratory muscle strength remained unchanged after exercise regardless of the environmental condition, suggesting no detrimental effect of hypoxia on this parameter when intermittent short\u2010duration high\u2010intensity exercises are performed. Future studies should investigate the combined cold\u2010hypoxic effect on longer exercise durations at a sustained high intensity, accounting for differences between normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1746963249000},"page":"1892-1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined effects of normobaric hypoxia and cold on respiratory system responses to high\u2010intensity exercise"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Alexa","family":"Callovini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fornasiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Savoldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology University of Trento  Trento Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Dorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Decet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bortolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.5.1818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.109822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exercise\u2010Induced Bronchoconstriction","author":"Bonini M. 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