{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:40:17Z","timestamp":1790293217118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Extensive research in humans, dogs, rabbits, rats, mice and other mammals has consistently demonstrated that coronary blood flow (CBF) peaks during ventricular diastole. For example, studies using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in anaesthetized rats and mice, isolated blood\u2010perfused rat hearts and Doppler probes sutured to the myocardial surface have reported diastolic\u2010dominant CBF. In contrast, while evaluating the effects of dietary salt on coronary vascular resistance in rats, we unexpectedly observed that left CBF peaked during ventricular systole. This observation prompted two follow\u2010up protocols to test the hypothesis that left coronary flow in rats and mice peaks during systole. In Protocol 1, chronically instrumented conscious male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were implanted with telemetry pressure sensors and pulsed Doppler flow probes around the ascending aorta and left main coronary artery. Coronary and aortic flow waveforms exhibited nearly identical timing, indicating that CBF peaked during systole. In Protocol 2, anaesthetized, open\u2010chest, mechanically ventilated rats and mice (both sexes) were studied. Doppler probes and ECG electrodes were used to compare the time from the R wave to the peak of both aortic and coronary flow. Student's paired\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test showed no significant difference between the two, confirming that coronary and aortic flow occur synchronously during systole. These findings demonstrate that, in rats and mice, left coronary blood flow peaks during ventricular systole \u2013 not diastole \u2013 challenging the widely accepted paradigm. This may reflect structural and haemodynamic features unique to small mammals, such as low ventricular wall tension and high heart rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T17:49:28Z","timestamp":1757872168000},"page":"684-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systolic\u2010dominant coronary flow in rats and mice: Challenging the diastolic paradigm across conscious and anaesthetized states"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8198-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Lujan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore W.","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-174X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"DiCarlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"H715","article-title":"Coronary arterial inflow impediment during systole is little affected by capacitive effects","volume":"264","author":"Bouma P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00617-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.56.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00156.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90772-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-013-9497-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1935.112.4.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/65391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.4.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"H840","article-title":"Measurement of coronary blood flow velocity in conscious rats","volume":"266","author":"Jones L. F.","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/27.5.845"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.276.1.H27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.20953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00514.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01019.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00517.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00780.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00979.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00596.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199907000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198004000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.120202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35572-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4199\/C00111ED1V01Y201406ISP054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02363921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"H816","article-title":"A method for continuously assessing coronary blood flow velocity in the rat","volume":"241","author":"Wangler R. D.","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.053"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP092514","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP092514","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP092514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:02:44Z","timestamp":1773003764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP092514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP092514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep092514","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}