{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:59:34Z","timestamp":1786114774473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001509","name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UOC2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOC2201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respiratory\u2013swallowing coordination is critical for safe swallowing. Respiratory phase patterns, indicating the direction of respiration bracketing swallowing, appear minimally altered when oral airflow is measured alongside nasal airflow. Measures from an oronasal facemask also demonstrate broader features of swallowing non\u2010respiratory flow (SNRF) associated with the respiratory\u2013swallowing pause than previously reported. Additionally, nasal and oronasal flow estimates show variability in within\u2010individual respiratory phase patterning. In this study, an oronasal facemask and separate nasal\u2010only mask were used to assess healthy individuals, exploring how instrumentation influences respiratory phase pattern estimates across swallowing tasks. Characteristics of SNRF and variability of respiratory phase patterns were also investigated. Adding oral flow to nasal flow appeared to reduce estimated exhale\u2013swallow\u2013exhale patterning by 13% and increased the estimated frequency of alternative patterns, although this may include some genuine variance between the datasets due to asynchronous data acquisition from each mask. SNRF occurred in 87\u201397% of swallows, with inward and outward flow occurring at the onset and offset of the respiratory\u2013swallowing pause. Test\u2013retest reliability of respiratory phase patterns within individuals ranged from \u03ba =\u00a00.4 \u2010 0.54, with \u22652 patterns observed across four trials &gt;40% of the time. Findings suggest that adding oral to nasal flow alters estimates of respiratory phase patterns, particularly during ingestive swallowing tasks. SNRF is observed more frequently when measured through a closed system, presenting as inwardly\u2010 or outwardly\u2010directed airflow at the beginning or end of the respiratory\u2013swallowing pause. Finally, there appears to be considerable variability in respiratory phase patterning across trials of the same swallowing condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:50:54Z","timestamp":1773845454000},"page":"2696-2712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Respiratory and non\u2010respiratory airflow characteristics across ingestive and non\u2010ingestive swallowing tasks"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1412-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Guiu Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoebe","family":"Macrae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.6.2169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9350-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"e12267","article-title":"Guidelines of the minimum sample size requirements for Cohen's Kappa","volume":"14","author":"Bujang M. 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