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Maternal lifestyle factors can independently influence fetal kidney development, highlighting that the lifestyle of growth\u2010restricted females can have further influence on F2 kidney development. In this study, we examined the impact of maternal growth restriction with or without additional lifestyle factors on F2 male kidney development. Uteroplacental insufficiency (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery was performed on embryonic day\u00a018 in Wistar\u2013Kyoto rats. F1 females were fed a Chow or High\u2010fat diet from weaning (5\u00a0weeks of age). At 16\u00a0weeks, females were randomly allocated to an exercise group: no exercise (Sedentary); exercised prior to and during pregnancy (Exercise); or exercised only during pregnancy (PregEx). Females were mated at 20\u00a0weeks, with F2 male kidneys collected (embryonic day\u00a020). Maternal growth restriction alone reduced nephron endowment by 29%, whereas additional lifestyle factors in Restricted dams reduced nephron endowment by \u223c43%. Interestingly, Exercise only in High\u2010fat dams did not alter nephron endowment, which is likely to be attributable to significant kidney remodelling and\/or enhanced resource availability. This study demonstrates that growth\u2010restricted dams that experience multiple maternal lifestyle factors (i.e. High\u2010fat diet and PregEx) impair the development of male F2 kidneys to a more severe extent than fetuses exposed to maternal growth restriction alone or a single maternal lifestyle factor in dams of normal birth weight (i.e. high\u2010fat feeding or exercise alone). Importantly, positive lifestyle interventions (Exercise) in a high\u2010fat environment compounded by adverse metabolic programming (Restriction) can be beneficial to fetal kidney development, which might prevent the transgenerational programming of cardiorenal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T11:30:22Z","timestamp":1761391822000},"page":"1365-1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of diet and exercise in growth restricted female rats on nephron endowment in male fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Briffa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sogand","family":"Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoria F.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Mahizir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Anevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology LaTrobe University  Bundoora VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeukai T. 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