{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:18:29Z","timestamp":1773047909723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study investigated whether bicycle compared with car commuting, over relatively small distances, has positive effects on physiological variables, cardiometabolic fitness and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    output in the atmosphere. Bike Commuters (11\u00a0M, 15\u00a0F; age [median value (interquartile range)] 51.5 (38.3\u201356.8) years; body mass index [BMI] 22.8 (21.0\u201324.1) kg\u00a0m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were compared with Car Commuters (12\u00a0M, 19\u00a0F; age 47.0 (36.0\u201356.5) years; BMI 23.5 (21.4\u201324.9) kg\u00a0m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). In a longitudinal arm of the study, 20 Car Commuters were re\u2010evaluated after they switched for 24\u00a0weeks to bicycle commuting (Car\u2192Bike Commuters). Measurements included peak aerobic power () and ventilatory thresholds on a cycle ergometer, blood flow increase in the common femoral artery during a passive leg movement (PLM) test, energy expenditure and  exhaled during commuting. Bike Commuters had higher  (33.7 (31.3\u201338.1) versus 25.3 (23.5\u201328.9) mL\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) and ventilatory thresholds than Car Commuters, higher \u0394peak blood flow (+25%,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.04) and area under the blood flow versus time curve (+46%,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.03) during PLM, and an enhanced skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.  and PLM variables increased in Car\u2192Bike Commuters. Metabolic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    output during bicycle commuting was \u223c12 times less than that for a petrol car. In moderately active individuals, short\u2010distance bicycle commuting at moderate intensity was associated, compared with car commuting, with positive effects on several physiological functions and environmental factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T13:00:33Z","timestamp":1756472433000},"page":"834-848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Commuting by bicycle (vs. by car) is associated with improved aerobic power, microvascular function and diminished CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    output in the atmosphere"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4645-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Ursella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Udine  Udine 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