{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:26:54Z","timestamp":1790202414820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sarcopenia, the pathological age\u2010related decline in muscle mass and strength, compromises independence and quality of life in older adults. Currently, no effective treatments are available. To enhance translational research using aged mouse models, we developed and validated the weighted cart pull (WCP) as a novel assessment of sustained motor function. The WCP test involved attaching a weighted cart to the tail of a mouse as it climbed a ramp to a \u2018resting house\u2019. Mass was increased incrementally until failure, defined as either five consecutive hindquarter pokes without progress or sliding backwards. In experiment 1, reliability (inter\u2010 and intra\u2010rater) was evaluated in middle\u2010aged mice (9 months,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010, 50% female). In experiment 2, young (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a08, 50% female) and old (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a08, 50% female) mice were tested on WCP, all\u2010limb grip and rotarod. In experiment 3, middle\u2010aged mice (7\u20139 months,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a020, 50% female) underwent behavioural tests, in vivo electrophysiology and muscle physiology to correlate WCP with assessments of neuromuscular function. WCP showed high intra\u2010rater repeatability [intraclass correlation coefficient\u00a0=\u00a00.611,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.018, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a0(0.046, 0.885)]. WCP demonstrated phenotypic differences between young and old mice (Student's unpaired\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). WCP was significantly correlated with all\u2010limb grip [Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.5820,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0071, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0(0.1878, 0.8147)], percentage decrement upon repetitive nerve stimulation at 50\u00a0Hz [Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.4613,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0468, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0(0.008973, 0.7569)], twitch torque [Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.6241,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0033, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0(0.2509, 0.8358)], tetanic torque [Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.5100,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0216, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0(0.08718, 0.7771)] and bilateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass [Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.5878,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0064, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0(0.1964, 0.8177)]. The WCP provides a cost\u2010effective, comprehensive measure of strength and sustained motor function, improving preclinical assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T21:20:50Z","timestamp":1743369650000},"page":"1978-1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Weighted cart pull: A novel outcome measure for sustained motor function in mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6630-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles D.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Tom and Anne Smith MD\/PhD Program, University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3180-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5259-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Viteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Williard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harper","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5920-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh B.","family":"Darvishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Dashtmian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindhuja N.","family":"Ayyagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meifang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. David","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"NextGen Precision Health University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.856632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50111.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470942390.mo110165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","article-title":"Measuring motor coordination in mice","author":"Deacon R. 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