{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:30:26Z","timestamp":1759336226597,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proprioceptive judgements can be divided into two broad categories: low\u2010level and high\u2010level. Low\u2010level judgements of limb position require a person to detect, discriminate or match the position of a body part, whereas high\u2010level judgements require a person to report the position of an unseen body part relative to the external world. It has been suggested that muscle thixotropy \u2013 the influence of recent contraction or stretch on the passive properties of a muscle \u2013 impacts both the accuracy of low\u2010level judgements of limb position and the degree to which these judgements drift over time. However, high\u2010level proprioceptive judgements of upper limb position and the degree to which they drift over time may not be affected by thixotropy. This was investigated here. Twenty\u2010five healthy adult participants made visual judgements about the perceived position of their hidden index finger after their elbow muscles had been conditioned with a flexion or extension contraction, or after a series of large passive elbow movements. After conditioning contractions, participants made <jats:italic>small<\/jats:italic> errors (\u223c2\u00b0) in perceived index finger position in the direction of elbow flexion, <jats:italic>regardless<\/jats:italic> of the contraction type. There was little to no effect of either contraction type on drift in perceived index\u2010finger position in our test. Our results support the view that high\u2010level proprioceptive judgements of hand position can be minimally affected by the effects of muscle thixotropy. Thus, we suggest that muscle spindle signals do not dominate the central, cross\u2010modal transformations of sensory information that are required for high\u2010level proprioceptive judgements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T13:43:42Z","timestamp":1749563022000},"page":"1447-1456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The perception of the position of an unseen limb: Investigation of the effect of thixotropic conditioning on drift and accuracy"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Diong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie A.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin E.","family":"H\u00e9roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Randwick New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.125161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00137.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1985-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.6.1529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01041.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03332-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00106.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00809.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210911"},{"issue":"44","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"539","article-title":"The perception of space by disparate senses","volume":"11","author":"Jastrow J.","year":"1886","journal-title":"Mind os\u2010XI"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003483107"},{"volume-title":"Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions","year":"1972","author":"Matthews P. 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