{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:02:01Z","timestamp":1784674921536,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the impact of corrective\u2010developmental games on proprioception, coordination, balance and motor proficiency in individuals with Down syndrome. The current quasi\u2010experimental study with pre\u2010test and post\u2010test design explores the impact of corrective\u2010developmental games (fine\u2010gross motor skill games and univariate\u2010multivariate games) on the proprioception, coordination, balance and motor proficiency of individuals with Down syndrome. The research sample comprises 50 individuals with Down syndrome, with an average age of 17.38 years, divided into two groups: intervention (13 men and 13 women) and control (12 men and 12 women). After the pre\u2010test, the intervention group participated in a series of games, including fine\u2010gross games and univariate\u2013multivariate games, for 8 weeks (24 1\u2010h sessions in total). Mid\u2010test and post\u2010test were conducted after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. To assess balance, the Stork test (test\u2013retest reliability: 0.59), Sharpened Romberg test (reliability: 0.76\u20130.91) and Y Balance test (reliability: 0.84\u20130.87) were used. The Purdue Pegboard test and knee position sense with a goniometer (open and closed eyes) evaluated eye\u2013hand coordination and sense of position. The Bruininks\u2013Oseretsky test (retest coefficient: 0.78\u20130.86) measured motor proficiency. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant improvements in the intervention group for static balance (Stork test,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), dynamic balance (Y test,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), position sense (open eyes:\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001, closed eyes:\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), two\u2010hand coordination (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), preferred hand coordination (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), gross motor proficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001), upper limb coordination (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001) and total motor proficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.001). The intervention group significantly outperformed the control group post\u2010intervention on all measures except the Stork test and fine motor proficiency. The findings of this research confirm the beneficial effect of games\u2010based interventions on motor fitness and corrective\u2010developmental indicators in Down syndrome. Future studies should investigate the long\u2010term impact on daily life activities and generalizability to similar populations. The results have potential implications for designing effective interventions to enhance motor skills in individuals with Down syndrome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T10:04:54Z","timestamp":1747908294000},"page":"139-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving coordination, proprioception, balance and motor proficiency in Down syndrome with developmental games"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rezaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injuries and Corrective Movements Department Gilan University  Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Daneshmandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injuries and Corrective Movements Department Gilan University  Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesam","family":"Ramezanzade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, School of Humanities Damghan University  Damghan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, School of Humanities Damghan University  Damghan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mert","family":"Kurnaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences Hali\u00e7 University  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Alt\u0131nk\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences Akdeniz University  Antalya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Down syndrome (trisomy 21)","author":"Akhtar F.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012737"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Pilates exercises on balance and gross motor coordination in children with Down syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Al\u2010Nemr A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Belgica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effects of SPARK program on fine and gross motor skills and BDNF in educable intellectual disabled children","volume":"7","author":"Arvin H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ape.2018.83028"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"1952","article-title":"Distinct effects of trampoline\u2010based stretch\u2010shortening cycle exercises on muscle strength and postural control in children with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled study","volume":"26","author":"AZAB A. R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Sports activities for people with down syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Barbu M. C. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Sport & Kinetic Movement"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruininks R. H. &Bruininks B. D.(2005).Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT\u20102).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t14991-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t14991-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.54.5.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.6.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-66932-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/ptj.9.3.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31439"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Physical therapy interventions for gross motor skills in people with an intellectual disability aged 6 years and over: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Hocking J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Implementation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/21679169.2015.1127418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.00479"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Comparison of static and dynamic balance among mentally retarded children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Karimian Mazidi F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Larkin A.(2022).Promoting developmentally enriching play\u2010based experiences for children with down syndrome: A capacity building approach. 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