{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T04:21:15Z","timestamp":1785730875820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n A mouse model of HIV\u2010associated atherosclerosis (\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ) exhibited increased plaque area compared with the\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mouse, linked to elevated indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO) activity. IDO catalyses the conversion of tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN), measured by the KYN\u2010to\u2010TRP ratio. As a biomarker of inflammation, IDO has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To investigate the effect of exercise training on atherogenesis and IDO activity in\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice, nine\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n and 18\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n male mice were fed an atherogenic diet and randomized into exercised or control groups. The exercised groups underwent an 8\u2010week treadmill protocol at moderate intensity (five times per week at 60% maximum velocity). Concentrations of KYN, TRP and cytokines were measured using ELISA, immune expression by flow cytometry, and lipid profile by a biochemistry analyser. Aortas were harvested post mortem for\n en face<\/jats:italic>\n analysis.\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice showed \u223c40% larger plaques than\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01), with slightly higher neutrophil (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.05) and monocyte expression (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.06). Plaque area was reduced by 40% in exercised\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.04), but by only 12% in exercised\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n animals (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.85). Exercised\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice showed higher IDO activity than exercised\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice (58.57%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.88%\u00a0vs. \u22124.62%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017.20%,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01), which was positively correlated with plaque area (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.99,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Exercised\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\n \/<\/jats:sup>\n \u2212 mice showed significantly lower triglyceride levels compared with exercised\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice (75.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.8\u00a0vs. 165.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a043.6\u00a0mg\/dL;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Unlike\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice, moderate\u2010intensity aerobic training did not reduce plaque area in mice with HIV\u2010associated atherosclerosis. Moreover, exercise training appeared to increase inflammation in\n Tg26<\/jats:italic>\n +\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ApoE<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice, as indicated by elevated IDO activity.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T17:38:15Z","timestamp":1756143495000},"page":"866-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exercise\u2010induced effects on atherogenesis and tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway in an HIV\u2010associated atherosclerosis mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus V. S.","family":"Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Afaque","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Islamuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana P.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10712-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0219-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07317-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000492571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646920938688"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333050-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00708.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-6-38"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Immunometabolism\u2010fit: How exercise and training can modify T cell and macrophage metabolism in health and disease","volume":"28","author":"Rosa\u2010Neto J. 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