{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:07:21Z","timestamp":1789848441082,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Kenyan athletes have dominated competitive middle\u2010 and long\u2010distance running for more than half a century, a phenomenon suggested to be attributable, at least in part, to superior running economy. Given that lower\u2010leg anthropometry is an important determinant of running economy, a key contributor to the athletic performance of Kenyan runners is thought to be slender lower legs. Running economy and lower\u2010leg anthropometrics, including relative lower\u2010leg length and mean lower\u2010leg thickness, were measured in adult middle\u2010 to long\u2010distance runners, including 12 Kenyan elite and 29 sub\u2010elite runners, and 20 Danish elite and 37 sub\u2010elite runners. Additionally, 46 untrained Kenyan and 30 untrained Danish adolescents were included. Among adult runners, the oxygen cost of running was 33.61\u00a0mL\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22120.75<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    lower in Kenyans compared with Danes [95% confidence interval (CI): 18.63, 48.59;\n                    <jats:italic>p &lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0001] and increased by 2.20\u00a0mL\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22120.75<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    per centimetre squared increase in lower\u2010leg cross\u2010sectional area (95% CI: 1.03, 3.37;\n                    <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0005). In untrained adolescents, the oxygen cost of running was 44.82\u00a0mL\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22120.75<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    lower (95% CI: 21.99, 67.64;\n                    <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0002) and increased by 1.75\u00a0mL\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22120.75<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    per centimetre squared increase in lower\u2010leg cross\u2010sectional area (95% CI: 0.18, 3.32;\n                    <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0294). Slender lower legs are favourably associated with superior running economy and might contribute to the dominance of Kenyan athletes in competitive middle\u2010 to long\u2010distance running.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T04:36:03Z","timestamp":1764218163000},"page":"1919-1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Running economy and lower\u2010limb anthropometry in adult male Kenyan and Danish middle\u2010 and long\u2010distance runners and in untrained adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Henrik B.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Kipsugut","family":"Boit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recreation Management and Exercise Science Kenyatta University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte Lund","family":"Adamsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9911-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flemming","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5757-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan M. G.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education University of South Wales  Pontypridd UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Hanel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"S\u00f8ndergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The estimation of stature in British and East African males based on tibial and ulnar bone lengths","volume":"8","author":"Allbrook D.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0007-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198025000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086300500508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199604)99:4<547::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199204000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02343797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"793","article-title":"Maximal and submaximal exercise performance at altitude","volume":"69","author":"Fulco C. 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