{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:05:22Z","timestamp":1790402722880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated hot water immersion can improve cardiovascular health; however, the respective effects of distinct immersion protocols remain unclear. Twenty\u2010two healthy adults completed three 30\u2010min hot water immersion bouts of different water temperatures and immersion depths (40\u00b0C shoulder\u2010deep immersion, 40\u2010Shoulder; 42\u00b0C waist\u2010deep immersion, 42\u2010Waist; and 40\u00b0C waist\u2010deep immersion, 40\u2010Waist) in a randomised crossover design. Vascular, inflammatory and perceptual responses were collected via brachial and superficial femoral artery ultrasound, venous blood sampling and perceptual scales. Rectal temperature increased less in the 40\u2010Waist (\u03940.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C) condition than the other conditions (40\u2010Shoulder: \u03940.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C, 42\u2010Waist: \u03940.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Arm skin temperature increased more in the 40\u2010Shoulder (\u03945.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C) condition than the other conditions (40\u2010Waist: \u03942.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C, 42\u2010Waist: \u03943.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), whilst thigh temperature had a greater increase in the 42\u2010Waist (8.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.3\u00b0C) condition than either the 40\u2010Waist (7.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.2<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C) or 40\u2010Shoulder (\u03947.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0<jats:bold>\u00b0<\/jats:bold>C) conditions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Brachial artery shear rate was greatest post\u2010immersion following the 40\u2010Shoulder condition (40\u2010Shoulder: \u0394121\u00a0\u00b1\u00a094\/s, 42\u2010Waist: \u039447\u00a0\u00b1\u00a073\/s, 40\u2010Waist: \u0394\u221221\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041\/s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) whereas superficial femoral artery shear rate was largest following the 42\u2010Waist condition (40\u2010Shoulder: \u0394143\u00a0\u00b1\u00a061\/s, 42\u2010Waist: 196\u00a0\u00b1\u00a085\/s, 40\u2010Waist: 131\u00a0\u00b1\u00a093\/s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\u00a0IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.16) and cortisol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.83) responses did not differ between conditions. Perceptual responses were more favourable in the 40\u2010Waist condition. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the distinct region\u2010specific arterial responses align with increases in local skin temperature to alterations in hot water immersion protocols, whilst showing that beneficial physiological responses may be accompanied with less favourable perceptual responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T20:29:33Z","timestamp":1753820973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vascular, inflammatory and perceptual responses to hot water immersion: Impacts of water depth and temperature in young healthy adults"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Campbell","family":"Menzies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of\u00a0Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil D.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences Birmingham City University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles J.","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of\u00a0Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Douglas","family":"Thake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J. A.","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Innovation and Development Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9058-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00291.2020","article-title":"Whole body passive heating versus dynamic lower body exercise: A comparison of peripheral hemodynamic profiles","volume":"130","author":"Amin S. 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