{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:55:22Z","timestamp":1777762522585,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL153523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL153523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL130339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["909014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["909014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26PRE1550258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26PRE1550258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25POST1362901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25POST1362901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence and presentation of obstructive sleep apnoea, as well as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, have been reported to differ by sex. It is thus reasonable to propose mechanisms contributing to subsequent pathology differ by sex. This concept is supported from a pre\u2010pathological perspective, as sex differences have been observed in the vascular response to hypoxia both alone and during concomitant hypoxia and sympathetic activation. However, the mechanisms governing the vascular response to hypoxia in females compared to males have only recently been examined, with the preponderance of data in predominantly male or all\u2010male cohorts. Determining the sex\u2010specific mechanisms contributing to the foundational vascular response to hypoxia is essential to the development of targeted therapeutics. Herein we outline literature in support of vascular sex\u2010related differences in the acute response to both intermittent and steady\u2010state hypoxia, with an emphasis on the healthy state. However, questions remain to bridge the gap between preclinical observations to pathological conditions, such as the role of sex hormones and adrenergic receptors, with increasing adiposity, age and chronic disease (e.g., sleep apnoea).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:30:12Z","timestamp":1777473012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex\u2010related differences in the peripheral vascular response to hypoxia: Implications in health and relevance for obstructive sleep apnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Dain W.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition &amp; Exercise Physiology University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2845-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara E.","family":"Mascone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha G.","family":"Boyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition &amp; Exercise Physiology University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Gonsalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition &amp; Exercise Physiology University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9982-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline K.","family":"Limberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition &amp; Exercise Physiology University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0617-2","article-title":"Sex\u2010difference in expression and function of beta\u2010adrenoceptors in macrovessels: Role of the endothelium","volume":"112","author":"Al\u2010Gburi S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Research in Cardiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett D. K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy624","article-title":"The hypoxic burden of sleep apnoea predicts cardiovascular disease\u2010related mortality: The osteoporotic fractures in men study and the sleep heart health study","volume":"40","author":"Azarbarzin A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.03.056","article-title":"Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity predicts mortality in heart failure patients","volume":"135","author":"Barretto A. C. P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1482-9","article-title":"Gender differences in clinical and polysomnographic features of obstructive sleep apnea: A clinical study of 2827 patients","volume":"22","author":"Basoglu O. K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep and Breathing"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"beta\u2010Adrenergic receptors contribute to hypoxaemia induced vasodilation in man","volume":"40","author":"Blauw G. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1182","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.3.H1182","article-title":"Endothelium\u2010derived nitric oxide mediates hypoxic vasodilation of resistance vessels in humans","volume":"271","author":"Blitzer M. 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