{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:47:31Z","timestamp":1789055251514,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Magnetophosphenes are flickering lights perceived when an extremely low frequency magnetic field generates a sufficiently strong electric field in the head. Understanding how phosphenes are produced is crucial, as they form the basis for international safety standards and guidelines for both workers and the general population. However, there is still ongoing debate about whether this phenomenon originates in the retina, the cortex, or involves both. Investigating magnetophosphenes at various frequencies during dark adaptation provides deeper physiological insights into this process. Forty\u2010one participants were exposed to varying levels of magnetic stimulation using a custom global transcranial alternative magnetic stimulation system that provided full\u2010head exposure. Participants were divided into four groups: one light\u2010exposed group and three dark\u2010adapted groups, each assigned a different frequency (20, 50 and 60\u00a0Hz). Every 3\u00a0min during a 42\u2010min dark adaptation period, participants reported their threshold for magnetophosphene perception. Flux density thresholds were then compared across groups using repeated measures ANOVAs. The data acquired showed a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15, 270)\u00a0=\u00a03.637,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) increase in the magnetophosphene threshold throughout the 42\u2010min darkness adaptation period. An inversed exponential decay regression was used to model the time course of the magnetophosphene threshold for each frequency. The rising magnetophosphene threshold during dark adaptation is likely linked to retinal phototransduction mechanisms, suggesting that magnetophosphene perception originates from rod cells in the retina. In addition to their significance for establishing new international guidelines and safety standards for workers and the public, our findings could also pave the way for new research into non\u2010invasive assessments of retinal dysfunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:04:39Z","timestamp":1758326679000},"page":"1242-1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frequency responses of human magnetophosphene perception thresholds during dark adaptation point to rod modulation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9068-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bouisset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Threshold Research Group Lawson Research Institute  London ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Western University  London ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Carvallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Villard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Threshold Research Group Lawson Research Institute  London ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Western University  London ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Aalto University  Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Legros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Threshold Research Group Lawson Research Institute  London ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Western University  London ON Canada"},{"name":"EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Western University  London ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.148.2.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human postural control under high levels of extremely low frequency magnetic fields","volume":"8","author":"Bouisset N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human postural responses to high vestibular specific extremely low\u2010frequency magnetic stimulations","volume":"8","author":"Bouisset N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"450","article-title":"Dispositifs pour la mesure des courants alternatifs de toutes fr\u00e9quences","volume":"3","author":"D'Arsonval A.","year":"1896","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.137711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118653128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"2355","article-title":"Evidence for photoreceptor changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"38","author":"Holopigian K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology& Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181f06c86"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"IEEE. 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