{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:43:18Z","timestamp":1790638998568,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study developed an ultrasound prediction equation for measuring fat fraction in lower limb muscles of healthy middle\u2010aged and young participants and applied it in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the relationship between fat fraction and strength in exercising and non\u2010exercising females. Twenty\u2010eight participants were recruited into &lt;40\u00a0years (10m, 5f, age 28.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.3\u00a0years, body mass index (BMI) 23.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.3\u00a0kg\u00a0m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and &gt;50\u00a0years (8m, 5f, age 60.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.7\u00a0years, BMI 24.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6\u00a0kg\u00a0m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) groups. T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u2010Dixon fat fraction in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) and\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2010magnetic resonance spectroscopy for intramyocellular (IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) lipid content in GM was used to validate ultrasound measures of muscle, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and echointensity to generate a multivariable model of fat infiltration. For the RCT, 72 females aged 40\u201360\u00a0years were recruited to either a low impact resistance exercise (4\u20135 sessions\/week for 12\u00a0weeks) or a control group, and muscle strength was tested using isokinetic dynamometry. Multiple linear regression models for ultrasound measurement of fat fraction were validated for GM (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.71) and VL (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.91). SFT was the dominant variable in the older group in GM (77%) and VL (92%), but of near equal proportion, with echointensity, in GM (52%) and VL (51%) in the younger group. Strength was negatively correlated with fat fraction (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.44). Strength increased in the exercising group, but fat fraction remained unchanged. A multivariable model using ultrasound measurements of SFT, muscle thickness, echointensity and age demonstrates that ultrasound is capable of predicting lower limb muscle fat infiltration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:26:18Z","timestamp":1772987178000},"page":"2135-2147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ultrasound predicts skeletal muscle fat infiltration in healthy middle\u2010aged and young adults: Validation against MRI"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3696-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"RK","family":"Holsgrove\u2010West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"PM","family":"S\u0142owi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Svensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Koscien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Fulford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Revuelta Iniesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6019-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"BT","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6312-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"FB","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Sport Sciences, Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2015.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Cronin N. 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