{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:38:20Z","timestamp":1791509900438,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Voluntary breath\u2010holds can be sustained for a long time following training, but ultimately, regardless of duration, the asphyxic break\u2010point is reached and the apnoea terminated. The physiological changes occurring during the apnoea include a marked increase in sympathetically\u2010mediated vasoconstriction in non\u2010essential organs, such as skeletal muscle, spleen and kidney, while the brain is protected by a marked increase in perfusion. What is not understood is what happens to cardiac vagal activity. Here, we performed microelectrode recordings from the right cervical vagus nerve in healthy participants [both trained breath\u2010hold divers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010) and untrained controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010)] during tidal breathing, slow\u2010deep breathing, an inspiratory\u2010capacity apnoea and an end\u2010expiratory apnoea. Using cross\u2010correlation analysis of multi\u2010unit neural activity, we tested the hypothesis that breath\u2010hold divers would have greater cardiac modulation of vagal activity, which primarily reflects the discharge of cardiac afferents, particularly during a maximal apnoea. We showed that there were no differences in cardiac modulation of vagus nerve activity either during tidal breathing or during any of the respiratory manoeuvres, nor was there a difference in cardiac modulation during the static phase of a maximal apnoea or when involuntary breathing movements occurred before reaching the asphyxic break\u2010point. We conclude that changes in vagal sensory inputs from the heart are not responsible for the marked tolerance to asphyxia shown by breath\u2010hold divers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T01:33:58Z","timestamp":1749692038000},"page":"501-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microelectrode recordings from the human cervical vagus nerve during maximal breath\u2010holds"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaughan G.","family":"Macefield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Victoria 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 Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto F.","family":"Barak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad  Novi Sad Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josko","family":"Bozic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology University of Split School of Medicine  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeljko","family":"Dujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology University of Split School of Medicine  Split 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