{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:55:42Z","timestamp":1781564142692,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although various medical devices are available for the purpose of heat therapy, their effect on muscle temperature remains unclear. This study compared the effects of a water\u2010perfused suit (WPS), short\u2010wave diathermy (SWD) and hot\u2010water immersion (HWI) on muscle, core and skin temperatures, along with perceived thermal discomfort. Ten healthy volunteers (four males and six females) were exposed to WPS, SWD or HWI for 1\u00a0h on three occasions, separated by 3\u20137 days, in a counterbalanced order. Muscle temperature increased with all devices (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001, partial \u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.55) but was lower after WPS in comparison to both SWD (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.00656) and HWI (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.00949). Core temperature was higher with HWI than with WPS (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.0104) and SWD (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.0213) from 20\u00a0min onwards. Although the average skin temperature over the thigh was lower with SWD than with HWI (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.007, \u22121.2 [\u22122.0; \u22120.4]\u00b0C), the maximal local skin temperature was higher with SWD than with HWI (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0153, \u22120.7 [\u22121.4; \u22120.2]\u00b0C). Thermal discomfort was higher during HWI than during WPS (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264\u00a00.0159) and SWD (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264\u00a00.0130). In conclusion, only SWD and HWI increased muscle temperatures. SWD was able to increase local muscle temperatures comfortably, but the effects were localized. HWI can increase both peripheral and central temperatures easily, but the associated increases in core temperature might lead to hyperthermia\u2010induced discomfort.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:49:46Z","timestamp":1768733386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Applying thermal therapy: Comparison of different commercially available heating devices to increase muscle temperature"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Nada","family":"Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Support Department Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"},{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2328-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Support Department Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"},{"name":"Division of Targeted Interventions University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Sports Exercise and Rehabilitation Northumbria University  Newcastle Upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Labidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Support Department Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Support Department Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"},{"name":"CREPS Montpellier Font\u2010Romeu Environmental Stress Unit  Montpellier France"},{"name":"DMEM Univ Montpellier INRAE  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1735927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00141.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.026344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287777"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.594","article-title":"Core\u2010temperature sensor ingestion timing and measurement variability","volume":"45","author":"Domitrovich J. 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