{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:53:14Z","timestamp":1773924794494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Horizontal bed rest (HBR) and head\u2010down tilt (HDT) are models of physical inactivity. In this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, we aimed to quantify changes in cardiometabolic outcomes during HBR and HDT in healthy adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library until 1 October 2025. Included studies recruited healthy adults (\u226518 years of age) undergoing \u22652 days of HBR or HDT. A meta\u2010analysis with mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using random\u2010effects modelling was conducted. Forty\u2010four studies were included. HBR (\u226414 days) reduced fasting glucose (MD, \u22120.15\u00a0mmol\/L,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.00033). HBR (\u226414 days) and HDT (\u226460 days) increased insulin (HBR: MD, 7.07\u00a0pmol\/L; HDT: MD, 9.65\u00a0pmol\/L;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001). The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was increased under both models (HBR \u226430 days: MD, 0.10,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0004; HDT \u226460 days: MD, 0.24,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001). HDT lowered total cholesterol (MD: \u221213.89\u00a0mg\/dL,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.000467); HBR raised triglycerides (MD, 18.96\u00a0mg\/dL,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001), and high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased in both models (HBR \u226414 days: MD, \u22124.53\u00a0mg\/dL,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.000608; HDT \u226460 days: MD, \u22126.89;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001). C\u2010Reactive protein was elevated in HBR (MD, 1.57;\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001), and tumour necrosis factor alpha was elevated in both (HBR \u226414 days: MD, 1.33,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.0001; HDT \u226421 days: MD, 0.40;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.00643). In conclusion, HBR and HDT induce model\u2010 and duration\u2010specific changes in glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. Interventions that could mitigate these effects may be warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep092944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:04:13Z","timestamp":1773911053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of bed rest on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Prokopidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8865-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Daubrah\u2010Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism, Ageing &amp; Physiology MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Varanoske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR Inc.  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Morwani\u2010Mangnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen S.","family":"Deane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development &amp; Health Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton General Hospital  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethan E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism, Ageing &amp; Physiology MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Arentson\u2010Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences and Health Behavior University of Texas Medical Branch  Galveston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00050.2012","article-title":"Short\u2010term variability of blood pressure: Effects of lower\u2010body negative pressure and long\u2010duration bed rest","volume":"303","author":"Aletti F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2010Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E555","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00223.2009","article-title":"Increased rate of whole body lipolysis before and after 9 days of bed rest in healthy young men born with low birth weight","volume":"298","author":"Alibegovic A. 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