{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:21:54Z","timestamp":1790432514528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Resistance exercise provides numerous health benefits, including improved glucose control and enhanced muscular strength. However, it remains unclear whether the time of day resistance exercise is performed affects these benefits. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of time of day on muscle and metabolic responses to resistance exercise training in young healthy adults. The study included 36 participants (30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07 years old; and 28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) who were randomised into control, morning (06.00\u201310.00\u00a0h) or evening (16.00\u201320.00\u00a0h) groups. Exercise groups performed eight resistance exercises, 3 times per week, for 6\u00a0weeks, at their allocated time. At baseline and post\u2010intervention, insulin sensitivity, flash glucose monitor data, muscle strength and vastus lateralis muscle thickness were measured. Over the 6\u2010week intervention, there were significant main effects of time on insulin sensitivity (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001), muscle thickness (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.008) and knee extensor maximal torque (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001), indicating improvements with resistance exercise training. However, there were no significant time \u00d7 group interactions for any outcome measures (insulin sensitivity\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.206, muscle thickness\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.279, knee extensor torque\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.151), demonstrating that exercise timing did not differentially affect training adaptations. Both exercise groups showed similar improvements compared to controls, regardless of whether training occurred in the morning or evening. No significant effects were observed for flash glucose monitor data. This study highlights the benefits of resistance exercise and demonstrates that timing has little influence on these effects. Promotion of resistance exercise at convenient times is recommended. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ID: NCT05321914.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T15:24:53Z","timestamp":1763047493000},"page":"1109-1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of the time of day on muscle and metabolic responses to resistance exercise in healthy adults: A randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8654-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Dighriri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lithgow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society Heriot\u2010Watt University  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazin","family":"Altuwrqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynsey","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greig","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8969-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular &amp; Metabolic Health University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sports Science and Innovation Lithuanian Sports University  Kaunas Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01145-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-9990"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"S54","article-title":"Physical activity and diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200041039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283340c16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0150-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Chronobiological aspects of blood glucose regulation: A new scope for the study of diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Gagliardino J. J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730419886986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1567524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.2475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84.s1.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4767-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.20.1563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.18.5.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0963"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP093020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:04:59Z","timestamp":1773003899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP093020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP093020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep093020","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}