{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:52:15Z","timestamp":1783360335170,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In small animals, carbon dioxide monitoring is either limited by the need to take blood samples for gas analysis, or it interferes with respiratory efficiency and lung mechanics analysis. We introduced a novel approach for continuous monitoring of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the expiratory limb of the breathing circuit. The relevance of the method is assessed by CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    measurements at different respiratory settings. Rats were ventilated with a tidal volume (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of 8\u00a0mL kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Respiratory rates were adjusted to achieve arterial CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    partial pressure () between 35 and 45\u00a0mmHg. We measured partial pressure of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the expiratory limb of the breathing circuit (exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were compared to  from blood gas analysis. The agreement between the two measurements was assessed by correlation and Bland\u2013Altman analysis. The validity of the novel approach was established through additional experimental runs with\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 7 or 6\u00a0mL kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , where the respiratory rate was set in accordance to exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Measurements of exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reflected  with high correlation (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2\u00a0<\/jats:sup>\n                    =\u00a00.8658). Bland\u2013Altman analysis showed high agreement between the two measurements. Respiratory rate setting guided by exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (39\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02 or 40\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0mmHg during ventilation with\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 7 or 6\u00a0mL kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively) was appropriate to maintain  (41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0mmHg for both\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Measurement of exCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    provides a robust estimate of  in anaesthetized small animals during mechanical ventilation. Continuous monitoring of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the exhaled breath could be used to guide mechanical ventilation settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T17:38:46Z","timestamp":1757871526000},"page":"614-619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Continuous carbon dioxide monitoring in the exhaled breath of mechanically ventilated rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Borgmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Flamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Spaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-3682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sashko","family":"Spassov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1402629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Hopkins E.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.4.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68614-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.106451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Sur M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Capnographic waveforms in the mechanically ventilated patient","volume":"50","author":"Thompson J. 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