{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1773112836586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that hot water immersion (HWI) improves cerebrovascular function via shear\u2010mediated mechanisms, this study determined cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide () before and after 60\u00a0min of 39\u00b0C HWI and a 21\u00b0C air control (CON) in 15 healthy participants. Thermal and haemodynamic variables were assessed throughout the trials, and  was determined by a 4\u2010min inhalation of hypercapnic gas (6% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 21% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> balance) and the assessment of internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow by duplex ultrasound before and 45\u00a0min after HWI and CON. At 60\u00a0min of the interventions, core body temperature (CON, 36.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3\u00b0C; HWI, 38.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3\u00b0C, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01), heart rate (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01) and ICA conductance (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01) were higher in HWI than CON, while, mean arterial blood pressure was lower (CON, 82\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09\u00a0mmHg; HWI 65\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0mmHg, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01). No differences were observed for ICA diameter, ICA blood velocity, ICA shear rate and ICA blood flow between HWI and CON (all <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a00.05). ICA  did not change after either CON (pre: 13.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.2 to post: 11.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.1\u00a0mL\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0mmHg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or HWI (pre: 14.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.9 to post: 10.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.4\u00a0mL\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0mmHg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; Interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.65). In conclusion, HWI reduced blood pressure and increased ICA conductance (i.e. autoregulation) to maintain blood flow to the brain; however, HWI did not influence subsequent cerebrovascular function, as assessed by .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:42:47Z","timestamp":1760708567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Whole\u2010body hot water immersion effect on cerebral haemodynamics and subsequent cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0231-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel F.","family":"Leaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Tommasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7133-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guto W.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nyah D.","family":"Kingdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin S.","family":"Lawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2667-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff B.","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Science, College of Medicine and Health Bangor University  Bangor UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.158279","article-title":"Elevation in cerebral blood flow velocity with aerobic fitness throughout healthy human ageing","volume":"586","author":"Ainslie P. 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