{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:08:36Z","timestamp":1789848516252,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The dynamics of physiological systems are impacted by both exercise and hypoxia. Network models can be used to map the interactions between various physiological components in environmental physiology and exercise using the concepts of information theory. This cross\u2010over study compared three normobaric conditions: control, simulated altitude of 2500\u00a0m (fraction of inspired oxygen:  \u2248 15.1%) and 3500\u00a0m ( \u2248 13.5%), and rest vs. isometric exercise through the lens of network physiology. The 12 participants (6\u00a0M and 6 F; 22.25\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.42 years; 23.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.24\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) spent \u223c30\u00a0min in a tent coupled to an altitude simulator, whose last 3\u00a0min consisted of a series of nine unilateral isometric maximal contractions of quadriceps. A metabolic system in breath\u2010by\u2010breath mode was used to register cardiorespiratory variables. In\u2010degree, out\u2010degree, and transfer entropy (TE) were computed to capture the information flow between variables. A weighted Jaccard Similarity Index was used to assess network similarities. The increase of  in exercise over rest was slightly more prominent during hypoxia (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.054, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.232). Normoxia\u2013hypoxia networks were more similar during resting than exercise. Rest\u2013exercise networks were less similar to each other during simulated altitude of \u223c2500\u00a0m (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.008, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.353). Neither TE during rest nor during exercise nor the \/ ratio significantly predicted the occurrence of symptoms. Unexpectedly, compared to mild\u2010grade hypoxia, low\u2010grade hypoxia induced more changes in physiological connectivity, with the majority of the connections converging on putative hidden nodes that we suggest are oxygen delivery\u2010dependent. Network approaches could offer new developments in exercise and environmental physiology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:20:43Z","timestamp":1763662843000},"page":"1904-1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How do physiological networks respond to normobaric hypoxia and isometric exercise?"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1911-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Bondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Morandotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Physiology Laboratory, UCL Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6926-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Annarumma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino  Urbino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Pietrangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Fulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittore","family":"Verratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science University \u2018G. d'Annunzio\u2019 Chieti\u2010Pescara Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00512-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-025-03119-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"The bioengineering of sport","author":"Bondi 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