{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:55:50Z","timestamp":1781657750690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent evidence suggests that heat treatment (HT) and resistance training can limit skeletal muscle mass loss during immobilization. However, the effects of repeated HT sessions combined with hybrid exercises (EX), which promote both endurance and resistance responses, on muscle protein turnover following hindlimb unloading (HU) remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of reloading strategies using HT and\/or EX on protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis and autophagic markers. Eight\u2010week\u2010old male C57BL\/6J mice underwent HU (3\u00a0weeks), HU+HT (1\u00a0week, 5 sessions, 30\u00a0min, 40\u00b0C), HU+EX (5 sessions of high\u2010intensity inclined treadmill running), HU+EX+HT or HU+REL (passive reloading). HU+HT did not induce additional effects compared with the HU+REL group concerning protein synthesis rates, although one marker of protein synthesis (phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6) tended to increase. HU+HT did not lead to an increase in rRNA content. HU+EX induced a concomitant decrease in the mitochondrial fission markers phosphorylated dynamin\u2010related protein 1 and phosphorylated AMP\u2010activated protein kinase, suggesting improved mitochondrial efficiency. However, no additional effects were observed for rRNA or heat shock proteins compared with the HU+REL group. Finally, exercise followed by heat treatment post\u2010HU (HU+EX+HT) appears to be detrimental, as protein synthesis rates did not increase, despite an increase in rRNA content. Thus, at this sampling time point (14\u00a0days post\u2010HU), neither heat therapy nor hybrid retraining produced additional effects on the studied markers compared with a normal resumption of activity. In contrast, the sequential application of the two stressors may inhibit post\u2010HU muscle mass recovery, as evidenced by the absence of increased protein synthesis rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1781657129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat treatment combined with hybrid exercises retraining mitigates cellular markers of protein turnover after hindlimb suspension in male mice: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Normand\u2010Gravier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sant\u00e9 Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM) University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), UR4640  Font\u2010Romeu France"},{"name":"Dynamique du Muscle et M\u00e9tabolisme (DMEM) University of Montpellier, INRAE, UMR866  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Solsona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sant\u00e9 Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM) University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), UR4640  Font\u2010Romeu France"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Biomechanics &amp; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Dynamics (BIPED) laboratory University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Bertrand\u2010Gaday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamique du Muscle et M\u00e9tabolisme (DMEM) University of Montpellier, INRAE, UMR866  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Issertine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamique du Muscle et M\u00e9tabolisme (DMEM) University of Montpellier, INRAE, UMR866  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamique du Muscle et M\u00e9tabolisme (DMEM) University of Montpellier, INRAE, UMR866  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavie","family":"Arnould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sant\u00e9 Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM) University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), UR4640  Font\u2010Romeu France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Biomechanics &amp; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Dynamics (BIPED) laboratory University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7672-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Borrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Biomechanics &amp; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Dynamics (BIPED) laboratory University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Racinais is Environmental Stress Unit CREPS Montpellier\u2014Font\u2010Romeu  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamique du Muscle et M\u00e9tabolisme (DMEM) University of Montpellier, INRAE, UMR866  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M. J.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sant\u00e9 Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM) University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), UR4640  Font\u2010Romeu France"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, Biomechanics &amp; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Dynamics (BIPED) laboratory University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9090","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169090","article-title":"Hsp70 negatively regulates autophagy via governing AMPK activation, and dual Hsp70\u2010autophagy inhibition induces synergetic cell death in NSCLC cells","volume":"25","author":"Alhasan B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa835","article-title":"Skeletal muscle and metabolic health: How do we increase muscle mass and function in people with type 2 diabetes?","volume":"106","author":"Al\u2010Ozairi E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1039588","article-title":"The impact of heat therapy on neuromuscular function and muscle atrophy in diabetic rats","volume":"13","author":"AlSabagh A. 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