{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1789031196287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterised by the loss of functional pancreatic \u03b2\u2010cells, for which lifelong insulin therapy remains the standard of care. Given that the gut microbiome can influence host health and that shifts in gut microbial profiles have been observed in T1D, growing interest has emerged in the role of the gut microbiome in T1D, particularly for its therapeutic potential. The current review aims to provide an overview of existing knowledge on the gut microbial metabolic pathways and microbiota\u2010derived metabolites that are dysregulated or altered in T1D. Subsequently, we address recent advances in gut microbiome\u2010based therapies, ranging from prebiotics to faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in both preclinical and clinical studies. Observational studies in T1D have demonstrated alterations in short\u2010chain fatty acid, secondary bile acid and tryptophan metabolism, as well as changes in the abundance of certain gut microbes and the expression of microbial genes involved in these metabolic pathways. Moreover, gut microbiome\u2010targeting strategies have been shown to improve certain glycaemic and immunological parameters in T1D as well as the gut microbial community composition. Nonetheless, findings are highly heterogeneous among studies, also depending on the characteristics of the population studied. While microbiome\u2010based interventions hold promise as a novel therapeutic approach for T1D, expanding the repertoire of gut microbiome\u2010based therapies and conducting more robust clinical trials are crucial steps to substantiate current findings and establish their efficacy before these interventions can be applied as adjunctive therapies in T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:10:41Z","timestamp":1789027841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translating gut microbiome research into therapies for type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5611-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanti P.","family":"Kok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Diabeter Centre Amsterdam (DCA)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Diabeter Centre Amsterdam (DCA)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Rampanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabeter Centre Amsterdam (DCA)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases (AII)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15050288","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation improves glucose homeostasis and modulates interleukin (IL)\u201021 and IL\u201022 levels in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Adly A. A. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1281","article-title":"Loss of IDO1 expression from human pancreatic \u03b2\u2010cells precedes their destruction during the development of type 1 diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Anquetil F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7480","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T\u2010cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01193-9","article-title":"Metabolite\u2010based dietary supplementation in human type 1 diabetes is associated with microbiota and immune modulation","volume":"10","author":"Bell K. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020138","article-title":"From microbes to metabolites: Advances in gut microbiome research in type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Blok L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00561","article-title":"The bile acid TUDCA improves beta\u2010cell mass and reduces insulin degradation in mice with early\u2010stage of type\u20101 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Bronczek G. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20082222","article-title":"The regulation of intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short\u2010chain fatty acids: Implications for epithelial protection","volume":"420","author":"Burger\u2010van Paassen N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116869","article-title":"Postbiotics versus probiotics: Possible new allies for human health","volume":"217","author":"Calvanese C. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings J. H.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Gut\u2010derived acetate promotes B10 cells with antiinflammatory effects","volume":"6","author":"Da\u00efen C. I.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100329","article-title":"Revisiting the concepts of prebiotic and prebiotic effect in light of scientific and regulatory progress\u2014a consensus paper from the Global Prebiotic Association","volume":"15","author":"Deehan E. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2563155","article-title":"Autologous fecal microbiota capsules are safe and potentially preserve beta\u2010cell function in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Groen P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322630","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation halts progression of human new\u2010onset type 1 diabetes in a randomised controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Groot P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188475","article-title":"Distinct fecal and oral microbiota composition in human type 1 diabetes, an observational study","volume":"12","author":"Groot P. F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05073-8","article-title":"Oral butyrate does not affect innate immunity and islet autoimmunity in individuals with longstanding type 1 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Groot P. F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.08.033","article-title":"The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate\u2010mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation","volume":"48","author":"Donohoe D. R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.09.001","article-title":"Bile acid\u2010activated receptors, intestinal microbiota, and the treatment of metabolic disorders","volume":"21","author":"Fiorucci S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007581","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolases: Gatekeepers of bile acid metabolism and host\u2010microbiome crosstalk in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Foley M. H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","article-title":"State of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016\u20132018","volume":"21","author":"Foster N. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2025.107093","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease\u2010 implications for non\u2010communicable diseases","volume":"277","author":"Gabela A. M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunology Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2401654","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolic signatures in diabetes mellitus and potential preventive and therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Garcia\u2010Gutierrez E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vivo therapeutic potential of next\u2010generation probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila and butyrate combination therapy in diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Ghorbanian F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107373","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites: Shaping future diagnosis and treatment against gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"208","author":"Gou H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001523","article-title":"Lack of effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on beta\u2010cell function in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Groele L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open Diabetes Research & Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad132","article-title":"Inulin prebiotic ameliorates type 1 diabetes dictating regulatory T cell homing via CCR4 to pancreatic islets and butyrogenic gut microbiota in murine model","volume":"115","author":"Guimar\u00e3es J. B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74183-w","article-title":"Neopterin and biopterin levels and tryptophan degradation in patients with diabetes","volume":"10","author":"G\u00fcrc\u00fc S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7785","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1785-z","article-title":"Bile acid metabolites control TH17 and Treg cell differentiation","volume":"576","author":"Hang S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314508","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila induces gut microbiota remodelling and controls islet autoimmunity in NOD mice","volume":"67","author":"H\u00e4nninen A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000210","article-title":"Estimating life years lost to diabetes: Outcomes from analysis of National Diabetes Audit and Office of National Statistics data","volume":"9","author":"Heald A. H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01128-6","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus prevention: Present and future","volume":"21","author":"Henriques F. L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00481","article-title":"Effect of prebiotic on microbiota, intestinal permeability, and glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Ho J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","article-title":"Prebiotic supplementation in patients with type 1 diabetes: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Canada","volume":"15","author":"Huang C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites alter IgA immunity in type 1 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Huang J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.14","article-title":"Targeting the PXR\u2013TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"83","author":"Huang K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2423024","article-title":"Intestinal flora: A potential pathogenesis mechanism and treatment strategy for type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Huang S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16039","article-title":"Safety and effects of acetylated and butyrylated high\u2010amylose maize starch on youths recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Ismail H. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.01.139","article-title":"Bile acids promote glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 secretion through TGR5 in a murine enteroendocrine cell line STC\u20101","volume":"329","author":"Katsuma S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01036","article-title":"The microbial metabolite butyrate induces expression of Th1\u2010associated factors in CD4+ T cells","volume":"8","author":"Kespohl M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2412376","article-title":"Gut microbiome therapy: Fecal microbiota transplantation vs live biotherapeutic products","volume":"16","author":"Kim D.\u2010Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses","volume":"20","author":"Kim M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0438-4","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites as multi\u2010kingdom intermediates","volume":"19","author":"Krautkramer K. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0019-2","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and intestinal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Lamas B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100762","article-title":"Dysregulation of secondary bile acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Lamichhane S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1211015","article-title":"Circulating metabolic signatures of rapid and slow progression to type 1 diabetes in islet autoantibody\u2010positive children","volume":"14","author":"Lamichhane S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70426","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Li H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107183","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron relieves colon inflammation by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor and modulating CD4+T cell homeostasis","volume":"90","author":"Li K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102130","article-title":"Restoration of intestinal secondary bile acid synthesis: A potential approach to improve pancreatic \u03b2 cell function in type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Liu Q.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-024-05074-5","article-title":"Supplementation of high\u2010strength oral probiotics improves immune regulation and preserves beta cells among children with new\u2010onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomised, double\u2010blind placebo control trial","volume":"92","author":"Lokesh M. N.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0764","article-title":"L\u2010cell differentiation is induced by bile acids through GPBAR1 and paracrine GLP\u20101 and serotonin signaling","volume":"69","author":"Lund M. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.938358","article-title":"Gut microbiome and metabolic activity in type 1 diabetes: An analysis based on the presence of GADA","volume":"13","author":"Luo S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Mari\u00f1o E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2105637","article-title":"Butyrate acts through HDAC inhibition to enhance aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by gut microbiota\u2010derived ligands","volume":"14","author":"Modoux M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.580167","article-title":"Acetate revisited: A key biomolecule at the nexus of metabolism, epigenetics and oncogenesis\u2014part 1: Acetyl\u2010CoA, acetogenesis and acyl\u2010CoA short\u2010chain synthetases","volume":"11","author":"Moffett J. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646920956646","article-title":"Effect of probiotic administration on serum tryptophan metabolites in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"13","author":"Mondanelli G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Tryptophan Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2010derived short\u2010chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Mukhopadhya I.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277","article-title":"Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality Estimates 2025: results from the international diabetes federation Atlas, 11th edition, and the t1d index version 3.0","volume":"225","author":"Ogle G. D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.08.005","article-title":"Immune checkpoint molecules, personalized immunotherapy, and autoimmune diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Orabona C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","article-title":"Short\u2010chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR\u2013S6K pathway","volume":"8","author":"Park J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","article-title":"Therapies for type 1 diabetes: Current scenario and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Pathak V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00038.x","article-title":"Role of short chain fatty acid receptors in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Priyadarshini M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"issue":"10146","key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31506-X","article-title":"Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: A nationwide, register\u2010based cohort study","volume":"392","author":"Rawshani A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123624","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila restrains type 1 diabetes onset by eliciting cDC2 and Treg cell differentiation in NOD and STZ\u2010induced experimental models","volume":"372","author":"Rodrigues V. F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171965","article-title":"Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease","volume":"215","author":"Shapiro H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"7790","key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1865-0","article-title":"Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut ROR\u03b3+ regulatory T cell homeostasis","volume":"577","author":"Song X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814558116","article-title":"Loss of gut barrier integrity triggers activation of islet\u2010reactive T cells and autoimmune diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Sorini C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqad032","article-title":"Epigenetic effects of short\u2010chain fatty acids from the large intestine on host cells","volume":"4","author":"Stein R. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"microLife"},{"issue":"7728","key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart C. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108892","article-title":"Effects of probiotics and fibers on markers of nephropathy, inflammation, intestinal barrier dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction in individuals with type 1 diabetes and albuminuria. The ProFOS Study","volume":"38","author":"Stougaard E. B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes and its Complications"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.013","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2\u2010Cells limit autoimmune diabetes via an immunoregulatory antimicrobial peptide expressed under the influence of the gut microbiota","volume":"43","author":"Sun J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211018098","article-title":"Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses","volume":"14","author":"Sun R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson K. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.769341","article-title":"Impact of prebiotic \u03b2\u2010glucan treatment at juvenile age on the gut microbiota composition and the eventual type 1 diabetes onset in non\u2010obese diabetic mice","volume":"8","author":"Taylor H. B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58319-y","article-title":"SCFA biotherapy delays diabetes in humanized gnotobiotic mice by remodeling mucosal homeostasis and metabolome","volume":"16","author":"Tillett B. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133573","article-title":"Effects of butyrate supplementation on inflammation and kidney parameters in type 1 diabetes: A randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Tougaard N. H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108694","article-title":"HAMSAB diet ameliorates dysfunctional signaling in pancreatic islets in autoimmune diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Vandenbempt V.","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"7728","key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0620-2","article-title":"The human gut microbiome in early\u2010onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Vatanen T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.014","article-title":"Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll\u2010like Receptor 4","volume":"41","author":"Venkatesh M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.754401","article-title":"Adjuvant probiotics of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP\u201032, L. johnsonii MH\u201068, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP\u20109 attenuate glycemic levels and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Wang C.\u2010H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.007","article-title":"Indoleacrylic acid produced by commensal Peptostreptococcus species suppresses inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Wlodarska M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Xue C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12045","article-title":"TGR5 signalling inhibits the production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines by in vitro differentiated inflammatory and intestinal macrophages in Crohn's disease","volume":"139","author":"Yoneno K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33656-4","article-title":"Functional and metabolic alterations of gut microbiota in children with new\u2010onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Yuan X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S238867","article-title":"The effects of synbiotic supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profile, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic patients. A placebo\u2010controlled, double\u2010blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Zare Javid A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin\u201022","volume":"39","author":"Zelante T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1037289","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals gender\u2010 and age\u2010 independent metabolic changes of type 1 diabetes in Chinese children","volume":"13","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107896","article-title":"Microbial modulation of tryptophan metabolism links gut microbiota to disease and its treatment","volume":"219","author":"Zhao P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP093273","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:10:54Z","timestamp":1789027854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP093273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP093273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep093273","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"EP093273"}}