{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:00:54Z","timestamp":1790438454407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Constipation affects approximately 20% of the US population, with diverse treatment options available due to the unclear onset and causes of the condition. Recently, focused ultrasound (FUS) has been proposed as a novel, non\u2010invasive peripheral neuromodulatory treatment that may reduce this inflammation. We utilized a loperamide\u2010induced constipation rat model, which is a widely used model to study constipation and potential therapeutic interventions. This study investigated the effects of FUS treatment on colonic inflammation and motility. We report that loperamide treatment did not alter colon morphology, but upregulated interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u20101ra and several other cytokines. FUS treatment notably reduced the expression of IL\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u201017 and other markers of inflammation. Additionally, FUS therapy also reduced the expression of chemokines, such as CXC3CL\u20101 and CXCL\u20107, and acute phase proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in loperamide\u2013FUS\u2010treated rats. One week post\u2010treatment, cytokine and chemokine profiles showed a sustained decrease of inflammation in the distal colon, with FUS treatment continuing to reduce several inflammatory mediators. These results demonstrate non\u2010invasive FUS markedly reduced the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins in both the proximal and distal colon of loperamide\u2010treated rats and can plausibly serve as a therapeutic for chronic constipation and other inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:35:47Z","timestamp":1790436947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripheral non\u2010invasive focused ultrasound alleviates constipation by reducing gastrointestinal inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Dia","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics Albany Medical College  Albany New York 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USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Allen 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