{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:10:29Z","timestamp":1793650229526,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Biological sex influences exercise performance, largely owing to anatomical and physiological differences in brain areas involved in cognitive motor control and in respiratory and locomotor muscles related to workload. We used near\u2010infrared spectroscopy data to examine sex differences in haemodynamic responses and oxygenation patterns in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), m. intercostales and m. vastus lateralis during incremental exercise in 74 endurance\u2010trained individuals. Changes (\u0394) in oxyhaemoglobin (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (H\u2010Hb) and tissue saturation index (TSI) were analysed using a two\u2010way ANOVA with the factors \u2018sex\u2019 and \u2018intensity\u2019. Effect sizes (ES) were also reported by partial eta squared (\u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ). Interactions were observed for \u0394O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010Hb at the PFC [\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n <<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.001, \u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.42 (large ES)] and m. intercostales [\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n <<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.001, \u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.38 (large ES)], but not at m. vastus lateralis (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.160). For \u0394H\u2010Hb, interactions were observed at m. vastus lateralis [\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n <<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.001, \u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.35 (large ES)] and the PFC [\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.048, \u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.18 (large ES)]. The \u0394TSI also showed an interaction at m. vastus lateralis [\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n <<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.001, \u03b7\n p<\/jats:sub>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.44 (large ES)] and a trend in the m. intercostales (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a00.057). Male subjects demonstrated greater oxygen delivery to the brain and increased peripheral deoxygenation, whereas females exhibited greater oxygen extraction in respiratory muscles, despite smaller body surface area. Higher tissue oxygen extraction reflects the capacity to meet local metabolic demands during exercise, enabling the identification of distinct oxygenation patterns between sexes. These findings suggest that sex\u2010specific mechanisms contribute to different patterns of physiological response to exercise. We support the hypothesis that peripheral factors might be more limiting in males, whereas in females central limitations (such as potential reduced oxygen delivery to the PFC owing to possible cerebral vasoconstriction triggered by metabolic reflexes) might play a more prominent role.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T15:10:13Z","timestamp":1764429013000},"page":"5136-5153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex differences in the prefrontal cortex and muscle oxygenation during exercise until exhaustion in endurance\u2010trained individuals"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9704-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ramos\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0125-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Caulier\u2010Cisterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computing Faculty of Engineering Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Baumann\u2010Biancani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamilo","family":"Hunger\u2010Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Herrera\u2010Matas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9578-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Vega\u2010Moraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computing Faculty of Engineering Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor A.","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Espinosa\u2010Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Department of Kinesiology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Physiology Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9143-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010Parada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Gabrielli\u2010Nervi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic 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