{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:08:49Z","timestamp":1789848529327,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The combined use of subcostal ultrasonography and respiratory manometry represents a novel, integrative method for quantifying diaphragm contractile function (force, velocity and power). We evaluated the technical feasibility, construct validity and within\u2010day test\u2013retest reliability of this method during non\u2010volitional, volitional and reflexive respiratory perturbations in healthy adults. Two independent cohorts were studied. In Experiment 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a010), diaphragm excursion (subcostal ultrasonography) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>di<\/jats:sub>\n                    , manometry) were measured during unilateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation (non\u2010potentiated and potentiated twitches, paired stimuli at 10\u2013100\u00a0Hz) and maximal sniffs. In Experiment 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a08), the same measurements were obtained during progressive CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rebreathing. All protocols were repeated after 20\u00a0min of rest. Diaphragm velocity and power were calculated as excursion\/time and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>di<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0\u00d7\u00a0velocity, respectively. Ultrasound analysis was successful in &gt;95% of cases. Potentiated twitches elicited greater\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>di<\/jats:sub>\n                    , excursion and power than non\u2010potentiated twitches, with responses increasing at higher stimulation frequencies. Reliability improved with potentiation and high\u2010frequency stimulation and was moderate to excellent for peak responses during sniffs and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rebreathing (ICC\n                    <jats:sub>3,<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>k<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.70\u20130.94) but poor for slope\u2010based measures (ICC\n                    <jats:sub>3,<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>k<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.20). During CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rebreathing, excursion and velocity correlated strongly with inspiratory tidal volume (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.83,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and mean inspiratory flow (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.69,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), respectively. These findings demonstrate that subcostal ultrasonography combined with manometry is a feasible, valid and reliable method for assessing diaphragm contractile function across non\u2010volitional, volitional and reflexive perturbations. With further refinement, this integrated method has translational potential for mechanistic research and clinical application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T16:05:36Z","timestamp":1771430736000},"page":"2308-2323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combined multi\u2010metric assessment of diaphragm contractile function in healthy humans: Feasibility, validity and reliability"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Camilla R.","family":"Illidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Brunel University of London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee M.","family":"Romer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Brunel University of London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2022.104012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00006"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"788","article-title":"A simple method for assessing the validity of the esophageal balloon technique","volume":"126","author":"Baydur A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.1153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Bland J. 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