{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:04:32Z","timestamp":1790658272338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Muscle disuse caused by bed rest and immobilization is associated with muscle atrophy and insulin resistance, which might be related to increases in intramuscular fat (IntraMAT) and intermuscular fat (InterMAT) accumulation. In this systematic review, we compiled evidence on the effects of bed rest and unilateral lower\u2010limb immobilization on IntraMAT and InterMAT in healthy adults. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception until July 2025. Included studies were clinical trials involving healthy adults (\u226518 years old) undergoing bed rest or immobilization, with IntraMAT and InterMAT as outcomes (CRD420251112427). Two reviewers extracted data and assessed bias using RoB2 and ROBINS\u2010I tools for randomized and non\u2010randomized studies, respectively. Data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Bed rest increased IntraMAT in the lumbar multifidus, erector spinae, and quadratus lumborum by 18.7%, 5.4% and 4.5%, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), whereas thigh\u2010related changes were inconsistent. Immobilization produced heterogeneous effects: calf muscles showed both small decreases (\u22120.5%) and increases (+0.3%), whereas thigh IntraMAT increased by 12.8% after 28 days. InterMAT increased in the lumbar spine (1.2\u20135.3%) and immobilized thigh (+14.5%) and calf (+20%) muscles. Muscle disuse from bed rest or immobilization can promote site\u2010specific increases in IntraMAT and InterMAT, particularly in lumbar regions, highlighting muscle fat infiltration as a potential key adaptation to unloading.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:19:19Z","timestamp":1773026359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of bed rest and immobilization on intramuscular and intermuscular adipose tissue: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Prokopidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Margarita","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone, Muscle &amp; Geroscience Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Geriatrics Section Clinical Hospital University of Chile  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone, Muscle &amp; Geroscience Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/309570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01346.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00077-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"A378","article-title":"28 Day bed\u2010rest with hypercortisolemia induces peripheral insulin resistance and increases intramuscular and liver fat","volume":"54","author":"Cree M. 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