{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:11:46Z","timestamp":1777993906079,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Passive heat interventions (PHIs) are non\u2010exercise heat\u2010acclimation strategies that improve physiological markers associated with heat tolerance and reduce vulnerability to heat\u2010related illness, when exercise is not feasible. However, representation of female participants within this literature remains unclear. In this study, we integrated an audit of PHI research with a systematic review of selected heat\u2010adaptation phenotypes to characterize current practices and identify methodological gaps. Using a standardized framework, searches of PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SPORT Discus and Scopus were conducted. Included studies implemented PHIs (\u22653 days) and reported markers of heat adaptation. Seventy\u2010three studies (1392 participants; 427 females) met inclusion criteria. Six studies recruited only female participants, four conducted sex\u2010based subanalyses, and none was designed to examine sex differences. No study achieved gold classification menstrual status reporting, with most classified as ungraded (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a016) or unclassified (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a022), using the standardized framework. Participants were predominantly sedentary, recreationally active or trained, with \u223c49% representing clinical populations. The systematic review showed PHI\u2010associated heat\u2010adaptation outcomes, including changes in core temperature (0.0\u00b0C to \u22120.5\u00b0C), skin temperature (\u22120.4\u00b0C to 0.1\u00b0C), heart rate (\u22122 to \u221211\u00a0beats\u00a0min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), blood pressure (\u22122 to \u22125\u00a0mmHg), plasma volume (\u22121% to 22%) and sweat rate (0.1 to 0.4 L\u00a0h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). PHI research is characterized by female underrepresentation and limited menstrual status reporting, constraining confidence in how evidence reflects the broader population. Although PHIs can modify the heat\u2010adaptation phenotype, these responses are derived largely from male participants. Sex\u2010informed trials are needed to strengthen mechanistic understanding and translational application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:55:06Z","timestamp":1777164906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Passive heat intervention research in women: Systematic review and audit of female representation"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1123-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Mee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Science University of Worcester  Worcester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0797-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Science University of Worcester  Worcester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8080-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Science University of Worcester  Worcester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Science University of Worcester  Worcester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben J.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Science University of Worcester  Worcester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6777-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver R.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease (CPAHD), Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences Brunel University of London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley G. 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