{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:08:36Z","timestamp":1789848516415,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigated integrative physiological responses to eupnoeic exercise (EX), rebreathing exercise (RB), dynamic apnoea (DA) and dynamic apnoea with cold\u2010water face immersion (DAFI) in 20 healthy participants. Trials involved non\u2010steady\u2010state cycle exercise at 60\u00a0W for an average duration of 66 s. With increases in heart rate and stroke volume, EX and RB increased cardiac output compared with baseline (mean [SD] EX +47 [13]%, RB +43 [15]%). During DA and DAFI, the increase in cardiac output was attenuated (DA +26 [23]%, DAFI +14 [21]%). EX and RB elicited reductions in total peripheral resistance (EX \u221237 [7]%, RB \u221223 [15]%). This reduction was absent during apnoeas (DA +3 [31]%, DAFI +15 [40]%). Pulmonary oxygen uptake was the lowest during DAFI. At the end of hypoxic trials, end\u2010tidal partial pressures of O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were RB 50.3 [11.9], DA 57.9 [14.0] and DAFI 61.4 [13.6] mmHg, indicating a preservation of the central oxygen store during DA and DAFI. At the same time, peripheral tissue oxygen saturation, measured in the working rectus femoris muscle, declined the most during DA and DAFI (RB \u22121.4 [3.5]%, DA \u22124.7 [3.3]%, DAFI \u22125.6 [4.4]%). Splenic volume increased during EX (+8.4 [5.8]%) but decreased during RB (\u221210.5 [10.2]%), DA (\u22126.4 [10.8]) and DAFI (\u221213.3 [11.1]%) when compared with EX, suggesting erythrocyte mobilization in the threat of hypoxia. The non\u2010steady\u2010state apnoea interventions of the present study evoke a progressive shift from exercise\u2010induced cardiovascular responses towards a diving response, including cardiac, vascular and splenic responses. These responses are amplified to some extent by cold\u2010water face immersion. Apnoea\u2010induced responses lead to central oxygen preservation and a decrease in peripheral oxygen stores.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T14:06:54Z","timestamp":1766930814000},"page":"1971-1987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiovascular, respiratory and splenic responses to rebreathing and apnoea during exercise"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7777-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Dotevall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1326-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bodil","family":"Sj\u00f6green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats H.","family":"Lin\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Lodin\u2010Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biology Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Mid Sweden University  Sundsvall Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan P. 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