{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:23:27Z","timestamp":1786119807985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF CRCNS Japan\u2010US 211309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF CRCNS Japan\u2010US 211309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The spatiotemporal structure of muscle coordination emerges from the collaboration and competition among cortical, brainstem and spinal pathways onto motor neuron pools, each continuously shaped by task demands, limb position and descending tract integrity. Here, we used galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to investigate whether brainstem vestibular output is disrupted in stroke survivors with right hemiparesis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a014) compared with age\u2010matched control subjects (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a014). We estimated this via intermuscular coherence among neck and arm muscles during both rest and a reaching\u2010like (i.e., reaching) movement with the shoulder in neutral and abducted positions, each with no stimulation, sham stimulation or GVS. Previous work showed that young adults exhibit increased coherence between neck muscles with GVS at rest, as do our control subjects. Surprisingly, we saw the same pattern in stroke survivors only on their paretic side, with reduced coherence in their non\u2010paretic side. During reaching, the paretic side did not show changes in coherence between arm or neck muscles, in comparison to control subjects, with and without GVS, and importantly, even lower coherence with the abducted shoulder. Given that GVS did not exacerbate intermuscular coherence in any muscle pair during the reaching tasks and that coherence was even reduced during shoulder abduction, our findings provide evidence to exclude increased brainstem vestibular output as a dominant contributor to pathological synergies during voluntary movement following stroke. In addition, the decreased coherence between neck muscles of the non\u2010paretic side during GVS at rest suggests changes in ipsilesional brainstem vestibular output. This highlights opportunities to consider unexplored contralesional brainstem\u2013spinal pathways, in addition to downregulated ipsilesional vestibular projections, in neurorehabilitation strategies following stroke.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T01:36:16Z","timestamp":1779500176000},"page":"3381-3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galvanic vestibular stimulation reveals disruption of ipsilesional brainstem pathways in hemiparetic stroke survivors"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Bartsch\u2010Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Valpara\u00edso  Valpara\u00edso Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesam","family":"Azadjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Valero\u2010Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318224ed5a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2459-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.029553"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410070116","article-title":"Undecussated innervation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle: A reinstatement","volume":"7","author":"Balagura S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287077"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20817","article-title":"Impact of gravity loading on post\u2010stroke reaching and its relationship to weakness","volume":"36","author":"Beer R. F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00621.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00066.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Movement therapy in hemiplegia: A neurophysiological approach","author":"Brunnstrom S.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316688798"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31819d89eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319836233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Cullen K. E.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200109000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.2.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<2147:AMTETS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1689084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.02.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00125.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadjiosif A. M. Branscheidt M. Anaya M. A. Runnalls K. D. Keller J. Bastian A. J. Celnik P. A. &Krakauer J. W.(2021).Positive and negative stroke signs revisited: Dissociations between synergies weakness and impaired reaching dexterity.medRxiv.http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2021.07.21.21260448","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.21.21260448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00447.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02377-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.05.013"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_37_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakauer J. W.(2005).Arm function after stroke: From physiology to recovery.inSeminars in Neurology Vol. 25","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-923533"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_37_1.2","unstructured":"(4) Copyright\u00a9 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue New. pp.384-395."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09738-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317697033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-00196-1.50011-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V.(2025).emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means. R package version. 1.11.2\u201080001.https:\/\/rvlenth.github.io\/emmeans\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01246-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00273.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.5.796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-025-07079-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90131-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488009127170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"Natali A. L. Reddy V. &Bordoni B.(2018).Neuroanatomy corticospinal cord tract\u2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2013.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.07.2070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198523758.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2021).R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18857\/jkpt.2018.30.6.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1029-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/74.4.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e2020"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093389","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP093389","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T19:27:37Z","timestamp":1786044457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP093389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP093389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep093389","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}