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The\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mouse, lacking dystrophin, is the most widely used preclinical model of DMD, yet the trajectory of respiratory dysfunction in this model remains incompletely defined. We evaluated neural respiratory drive (NRD), neuromechanical efficiency (NME), tension\u2013time index (TTI), inspiratory drive rate and electromyographic (EMG) frequency spectrum parameters in the diaphragm, external intercostal and parasternal muscles across the natural history of disease (aged 1\u201316\u00a0months). Despite early and persistent reductions in EMG activity and frequency spectrum parameters in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, NRD and TTI in respiratory muscles were largely equivalent to controls. NME was paradoxically increased in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, likely reflecting compensatory recruitment of accessory muscles rather than improved contractile efficiency of the major inspiratory muscles of breathing. The area under the pressure\u2013time curve during sustained tracheal occlusion was reduced in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice at 1\u00a0month of age but was equivalent to wild\u2010type values at all other ages, demonstrating robust compensation even in advanced disease. No significant differences in inspiratory duty cycle, respiratory muscle effort or TTI were observed across groups. We conclude that assessments of integrative respiratory morbidity in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice should focus on animals aged \u226516\u00a0months or alternative models with accelerated disease progression. Our results underscore the need for refined translational models and highlight the importance of integrating EMG\u2010based indices for early detection and monitoring of respiratory compromise in DMD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T14:24:30Z","timestamp":1770128670000},"page":"2279-2307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuromuscular and neuromechanical assessments of respiratory performance in the\n                    <i>mdx<\/i>\n                    mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy across the natural history of disease"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael N.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences Loma Linda University  Loma Linda California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai K.","family":"Elmallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Trucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genova  Genova Italy"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken D.","family":"O'Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827caba0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.5.1878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274792"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305044","article-title":"Neural respiratory drive during maximal voluntary ventilation in individuals with hypertension: A case\u2010control study","volume":"19","author":"Cavalcante A. 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