{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:14:33Z","timestamp":1787062473196,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ageing is associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disease. Repeated passive heating, using hot water immersion (HWI), may improve cognitive performance via improved cerebral oxygenation, but this is yet to be examined in older adults. Twelve healthy older adults (aged: 69.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.0\u00a0years; body mass index: 25.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.1\u00a0kg\u00a0m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) completed a 6\u2010week pre\u2013post intervention study consisting of two to three weekly 1\u00a0h HWIs in 40\u00b0C water. Rectal temperature was maintained in a target range of 38.5\u201339.0\u00b0C during HWI. Cognitive performance (working memory via 1 and 2\u2010back, inhibition via 2\u2010choice reaction time, logical reasoning via logical relations) and cerebral oxygenation (\u0394oxyhaemoglobin, \u0394deoxyhaemoglobin, \u0394total haemoglobin and \u0394tissue saturation index) were assessed during the first and final HWI sessions (pre\u2010, immediately post\u2010 and 3\u00a0h post\u2010HWI). Common carotid artery blood flow (CCA\u2010BF), sleep quality (7\u2010day baseline and final week), plasma [amyloid\u2010\u03b2] 42 (A\u03b242), and [phosphorylated tau] (p\u2010tau), were measured pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention. Repeated HWI improved 1\u2010back (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.023) and logical reasoning (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.002) performance, but not 2\u2010back or 2\u2010choice reaction time (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Cerebral oxygenation was acutely reduced immediately post\u2010HWI (all parameters\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), but returned to baseline 3\u00a0h post\u2010HWI, with no chronic adaptation. CCA\u2010BF, sleep quality, [A\u03b242] and [p\u2010tau] all remained unchanged at 6\u00a0weeks (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Repeated HWI improves cognitive domains of logical reasoning and working memory without altering cerebral oxygenation, CCA\u2010BF, sleep or neurodegenerative biomarkers. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms for cognitive performance improvements via HWI is warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>ageing, exercise mimetic, passive heat therapy, working memory<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:34:35Z","timestamp":1777473275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of repeated hot water immersion on cognitive performance, cerebrovascular function, sleep and biomarkers of neurodegeneration in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1482-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"},{"name":"Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6552-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Psychology, Sport, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Health Sciences Research Group Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis K.","family":"Shute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad G. 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