{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:49:58Z","timestamp":1776750598295,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ageing leads to an increased prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty, characterised by progressive declines in muscle strength, power and function and reduced physical activity. Hot water immersion (HWI) could potentially improve muscle function, but this is yet to be explored in older adults. Twelve middle\u2010aged to older adults completed a randomised, controlled, crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05618197), undergoing assessments before and after a 6\u2010week HWI intervention (two to three 60\u2010min HWIs per week) or control condition with a 6\u2010week washout between study arms. During HWIs, body position was adjusted to maintain rectal temperature at 38.5\u201339.0\u00b0C. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention and control measurements of peripheral muscle strength (isokinetic and handgrip dynamometry), lower body power and functional performance (Short Physical Performance Battery consisting of balance, walking and sit to stand tests with motion and external force capture) and physical activity (accelerometry) were taken. Repeated HWI had no effect on the primary outcome peak quadriceps torque (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.127, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.125;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a07), whilst grip strength increased in the control arm (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.004) and decreased post\u2010intervention compared to control (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.039). SPPB total and component scores, lower body power, gait measures and physical activity levels were unchanged (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Repeated HWI under the conditions employed did not improve strength, power, lower extremity function or physical activity levels in this cohort, and does not appear to be an effective method to improve indices of muscle function in healthy older adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:26:33Z","timestamp":1776749193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of repeated hot water immersion on muscle strength, power, function and physical activity in healthy older adults: A randomised crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"},{"name":"Extreme Environments and Occupational Performance Group, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments and Occupational Performance Group, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Exell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad G. A.","family":"Alnajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke C.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extreme Environments and Occupational Performance Group, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poppy A.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Praskacova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melitta A.","family":"McNarry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A\u2010STEM) Research Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Swansea University  Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Mackintosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A\u2010STEM) Research Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Swansea University  Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe L.","family":"Saynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony I.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, Centre for Integrated Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"},{"name":"Extreme Environments and Occupational Performance Group, School of Psychology, Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health University of Portsmouth  Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.02.009","article-title":"Risk factors for falls among older adults: A review of the literature","volume":"75","author":"Ambrose A. 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