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In this study, a soybean oil\u2010based lipid emulsion (Intralipid 20\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was administered via intravenous infusion to fetal sheep (gestational day 88\u201390) at a dose rising from 1\u00a0g\/kg\/day (day 0) to 3\u00a0g\/kg\/day (days 2\u20138). Intralipid infusion did not alter overall fetal body weight, tibialis anterior (TA) muscle mass or serum testosterone levels. Histological analyses revealed no significant differences in muscle fibre diameter or collagen content in TA muscles between groups. However, Intralipid significantly upregulated the expression of key myogenic regulatory genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>Myog<\/jats:italic>\n                    (myogenin) and\n                    <jats:italic>Myod<\/jats:italic>\n                    (myogenic differentiation 1), while downregulating the expression of several genes associated with fibrogenesis:\n                    <jats:italic>Col1a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (collagen type I \u03b11 chain),\n                    <jats:italic>Col3a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (collagen type III \u03b11 chain),\n                    <jats:italic>Lh2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    (lysyl hydroxylase 2b) and\n                    <jats:italic>P4ha<\/jats:italic>\n                    (prolyl 4\u2010hydroxylase \u03b1). In contrast, Intralipid had no significant effect on the expression of genes associated with intramuscular adipogenesis, including\n                    <jats:italic>Pparg<\/jats:italic>\n                    (peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor \u03b3),\n                    <jats:italic>Pdgfra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (platelet\u2010derived growth factor receptor \u03b1),\n                    <jats:italic>Zfp423<\/jats:italic>\n                    (zinc finger protein 423),\n                    <jats:italic>Slc27a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (solute carrier family 27 member 1),\n                    <jats:italic>C\/ebpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CCAAT\/enhancer\u2010binding protein \u03b1) and\n                    <jats:italic>Fasn<\/jats:italic>\n                    (fatty acid synthase). Similarly, genes related to inflammation, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Tnfa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (tumour necrosis factor \u03b1),\n                    <jats:italic>Il\u20106<\/jats:italic>\n                    (interleukin 6),\n                    <jats:italic>Tlr4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Toll\u2010like receptor 4) and\n                    <jats:italic>Tlr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Toll\u2010like receptor 2), were unaffected. In conclusion, these findings indicate that short\u2010term lipid exposure alters gene expression patterns without measurable structural changes, suggesting that transcriptional responses may precede overt morphological remodelling in fetal skeletal muscle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:01:03Z","timestamp":1775757663000},"page":"2627-2636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lipid emulsion modulates myogenic and collagen\u2010related gene expression in skeletal muscle of preterm fetal sheep"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences Washington State University  Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M","family":"Alaniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Lawrence D. 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