{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:59:22Z","timestamp":1790258362931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX16AP89G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AP89G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Long\u2010duration spaceflight poses several challenges to human health, including muscle loss and fat deposition. To mitigate these effects, exercise countermeasures are prescribed. This study aimed to measure neck muscle size and composition changes with long\u2010duration spaceflight using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and examine associations with in\u2010flight exercise modality and volume. Nine astronauts (mission duration: 7.1\u2009\u00b1 1.8\u00a0months) underwent pre\u2010 and post\u2010flight 3T Dixon MRI of the cervical spine. Cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) and muscle fat fraction (MFF) were measured bilaterally in 11 neck muscles. Mixed\u2010effects models assessed monthly percentage changes and associations with resistance (ARED), cycle ergometer and treadmill training volumes. The CSA and MFF of most neck muscles did not change across long\u2010duration missions. CSA increased for the sternocleidomastoid (+1.21%\/month,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.004) and the rhomboid minor (+1.71%\/month,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.057). Semispinalis capitis MFF increased (+1.10%\/month,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.051). More ARED repetitions of different exercises were associated with CSA increases in four muscles (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001\u20130.097) and MFF reductions in three muscles (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.040\u20130.093). More cycle ergometer time was associated with a CSA increase in the sternocleidomastoid (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.053) and an MFF increase in the scalenus medius (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.019), while treadmill time was linked to CSA decreases in the trapezius (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.095) and rhomboid minor (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.047). Neck muscle size and composition were generally preserved during modern long\u2010duration missions in which structured exercise countermeasures were performed. Because all crewmembers completed in\u2010flight exercises, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence that exercise countermeasures prevented neck muscle changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:03:37Z","timestamp":1790255017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative MRI changes in neck muscle size and composition following long\u2010duration spaceflight"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana A.","family":"Madrid Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina S.","family":"Sawires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Lenchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet A.","family":"Tooze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/309570","article-title":"Intermuscular fat: A review of the consequences and causes","volume":"2014","author":"Addison O.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01304-y","article-title":"What is normal age\u2010related thigh muscle composition among 45\u2010 to 84\u2010year\u2010old adults from the UK Biobank study","volume":"47","author":"Anderson D. 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