{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:06:57Z","timestamp":1785434817134,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cocoa shell extract (CSE; rich in antioxidant compounds) administered to adult hypertensive rats exposed to fetal undernutrition (MUN) reduces blood pressure, improving cardiovascular alterations. We aimed to explore lactation as a reprogramming window, evaluating the long\u2010term effects of CSE supplementation during this period. MUN and control (C) dams were given 250\u00a0mg\/kg\/day CSE (5 days\/week) or vehicle (VEH) in gelatine throughout lactation. Blood pressure (tail\u2010cuff plethysmography), heart (echocardiography) and mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) function (wire myography) and structure (pressure myography, confocal microscopy) were studied in 8\u2010month\u2010old offspring. MUN\u2010VEH rats had significantly higher blood pressure and reduced MRA internal diameter compared with C\u2010VEH counterparts. MUN\u2010VEH males also had smaller left ventricular mass index, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside relaxations and increased stiffness, whereas MUN\u2010VEH females had elevated maximal noradrenaline\u2010evoked contractions. CSE administration led to lower body weight in most groups and a lower blood pressure in MUN\u2010CSE, but not C\u2010CSE rats, compared with non\u2010treated counterparts. Supplementation reduced left ventricular mass index, heart rate and ejection fraction in all groups and worsened MRA acetylcholine\u2010mediated vasodilatation in MUN\u2010CSE females and C\u2010CSE males and females. CSE induced medial layer hypertrophy in all groups; it increased internal diameter only in MUN\u2010CSE rats and it elevated wall\u2010to\u2010lumen ratio in C\u2010CSE rats. In conclusion, although CSE supplementation during lactation prevented the development of hypertension in MUN rats, the induced cardiovascular functional and structural alterations, particularly in control offspring, suggest detrimental effects of CSE bioactive components, at least at the dose used. This study highlights the need for caution when administering supplements during lactation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:12:01Z","timestamp":1783055521000},"page":"3667-3683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010term adverse cardiovascular changes induced by cocoa shell extract administration through lactation in fetal undernourished and control rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Ruvira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Research Group Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Hospital La 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