{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:53:03Z","timestamp":1781794383973,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human breast milk (BM) is an essential fluid for infant development, with a dynamic composition adapted to the infant's needs. It contains bioactive lipids like cholesterol, typically transported by lactosomes, extracellular vesicles, and milk fat globules. However, classic cholesterol\u2010carrying lipoproteins have not been described in BM. This study included BM from 22 healthy women attending paediatric follow\u2010up. BM lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their density was determined by refractometry. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in whole milk and from BM\u2010lipoproteins were quantified using commercial kits. The main lipoproteins were quantified by western blot and Luminex assays. Native gel electrophoresis was used to identify lipoprotein migration patterns. BM lipoproteins exhibited densities between 0.999 and 1.043\u00a0g\/mL, consistent with very low\u2010density lipoproteins, intermediate\u2010density lipoproteins, and low\u2010density lipoproteins (LDLs). No classic high\u2010density lipoproteins (HDLs) were detected by density, but apolipoproteins AI and B, markers of HDL and LDL, respectively, were detected. BM lipoproteins contained significantly less cholesterol and triglycerides than whole milk and showed migration patterns similar to adult serum HDL and LDL. This study provides the first evidence of classical BM lipoprotein classes, expanding knowledge of lipid transport in BM and suggesting a potential role in neonatal lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:11:28Z","timestamp":1781791888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human breast milk lipoproteins: A preliminary biochemical characterization"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8289-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Arenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Science Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8489-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Science Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology Faculty of Science Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Contreras\u2010Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences and Life Quality Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Determination of cholesterol in human milk: An alternative to chromatographic methods","volume":"32","author":"\u00c1lvarez\u2010Sala A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutricion Hospitalaria"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102495s","article-title":"Lactosomes: Structural and compositional classification of unique nanometer\u2010sized protein lipid particles of human milk","volume":"58","author":"Argov\u2010Argaman N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D200013-JLR200","article-title":"Non\u2010denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for the diagnosis of dysbetalipoproteinemia","volume":"44","author":"Blom D. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-386860-2\/00384-1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of gastroenterology","author":"Chandalia M.","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/reprodmed2020011","article-title":"Human Milk and Brain Development in Infants","volume":"2","author":"Chiurazzi M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproductive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.11.002","article-title":"Lipids in human milk","volume":"32","author":"Demmelmair H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000149","article-title":"nutritive bioactive components in maternal milk and offspring development: A scoping review Non\u2010nutritive bioactive components in maternal milk and offspring development: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Eisha S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"Feingold K. 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(n.d.).Breastfeeding.https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2010topics\/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.10.012","article-title":"Milk lipid regulation at the maternal\u2010offspring interface","volume":"81","author":"Yang D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01440-7","article-title":"Human milk cholesterol is associated with lactation stage and maternal plasma cholesterol in Chinese populations","volume":"91","author":"Yang Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac097","article-title":"Human Milk Lipid Profiles around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP093757","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:11:36Z","timestamp":1781791896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP093757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP093757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep093757","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"EP093757"}}