{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:57:18Z","timestamp":1790877438669,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sj\u00f6gren's disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by severe dry eye, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. Non\u2010obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop Sj\u00f6gren's disease\u2010like dry eye prior to the onset of diabetes. Although intestinal immune abnormalities precede diabetes in NOD mice, their relationship to dry eye remains poorly understood. This study investigated pathological changes in the lacrimal gland (LG) and small intestine of NOD mice and evaluated the potential effects of dietary heat\u2010treated\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    FK\u201023 (FK\u201023). Four\u2010week\u2010old male NOD mice were fed either a standard diet or a diet containing 3% FK\u201023 for 2\u00a0weeks. BALB\/c mice served as controls. Tear secretion was measured following pilocarpine administration. LG and small intestine tissues were analysed histologically, and intestinal lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry and next\u2010generation sequencing. At 4\u00a0weeks of age, NOD mice exhibited normal tear secretion and no apparent LG inflammation but showed reduced small intestinal crypt granules and decreased proportions of ILC3 and T helper 17 cells. At 6\u00a0weeks, NOD mice demonstrated reduced tear secretion, inflammatory cell infiltration in the LG, and loss of crypt granules and goblet cells in the small intestine. Dietary FK\u201023 administration showed trends towards attenuating tear secretion decline, LG inflammation and intestinal pathological changes. Development of LG inflammation and dry eye in NOD mice was associated with intestinal immune and epithelial abnormalities. These findings suggest potential involvement of the gut\u2013eye axis in Sj\u00f6gren's disease\u2010like dry eye pathogenesis and indicate that modulation of intestinal homeostasis might represent a therapeutic strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:26:47Z","timestamp":1786429607000},"page":"4507-4524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathophysiology of the gut\u2013eye axis in a Sj\u00f6gren's disease\u2010like dry eye mouse model: An exploratory evaluation of dietary heat\u2010treated\n                    <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>\n                    FK\u201023"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-2595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Goto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Life\u2010science, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Metropolitan University  Abeno\u2010ku Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Research Laboratories Nichinichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd  Iga\u2010shi Mie Japan"},{"name":"Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research  Sakyo\u2010ku Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigekazu","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Life\u2010science, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Metropolitan University  Abeno\u2010ku Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Minamiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories Nichinichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd  Iga\u2010shi Mie Japan"},{"name":"Department of Hepato\u2010Biliary\u2010Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Metropolitan University  Abeno\u2010ku Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Life\u2010science, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Metropolitan University  Abeno\u2010ku Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research  Sakyo\u2010ku Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kamigyo\u2010ku, Kyoto\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221091375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.1203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01548-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115230119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.481"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","article-title":"Alteration of innate lymphoid cell homeostasis mainly concerns salivary glands in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Kawka L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-024-00355-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3489"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"380","article-title":"The non\u2010obese diabetic (NOD) mouse","volume":"128","author":"Leiter E. 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