{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:57:08Z","timestamp":1790877428683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    On average, females have smaller airways than males. The largest discrepancy in airway size occurs during puberty, when endogenous sex hormone concentrations diverge between males and females. Transgender individuals often use gender\u2010affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) to align physical characteristics with gender identity. It is unknown whether GAHT influences airway size (luminal area and length). We evaluated the large conducting airways before starting GAHT and while undergoing years of GAHT. This retrospective within\u2010subject study included 12 adult transgender individuals who underwent CT scanning before starting GAHT and again after \u22651 year of GAHT. For each transgender individual, we identified two matched cisgender controls (one male and one female) who also underwent two CT scans over a comparable time interval for longitudinal comparison. We used a three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of CT imaging to measure luminal areas. Within\u2010subject changes in airway size between scans were assessed using Student's paired\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tests in transgender individuals undergoing feminizing hormone therapy. Variance between scans was assessed using Levene's test. Pre\u2010scans occurred an average of 2.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.1 years before beginning GAHT. Transgender persons were on GAHT for an average of 3.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7 years (range, 1.0 \u2013 6.7 years) at their second scan. We found no significant differences in airway luminal cross\u2010sectional areas for transgender persons on feminizing hormone therapy. The variance in airway size change between scans was not statistically different between transgender individuals and control subjects. Our findings suggest that the size of large conducting airways might remain unchanged after a period (&gt;1 year) on GAHT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T11:54:28Z","timestamp":1784030068000},"page":"4277-4285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The conducting airways before and after gender\u2010affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalaya","family":"Kipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Ramsook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samyd S.","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorys","family":"Martinez\u2010Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan G.","family":"Ripoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.12.1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-876OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.285965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00440.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-103RL"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.5.1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2024.2323522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01389-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70270-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00866.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00282.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04778-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00418.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Posit team. (2023).RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software PBC.https:\/\/www.posit.co"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023).R: A language and enviroment for statistical computing.https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07030596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00562.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01499-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aan.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.137.3530.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00573.2024"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093927","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP093927","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP093927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:08:06Z","timestamp":1790874486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP093927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP093927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep093927","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}