{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:59:35Z","timestamp":1790362775985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent studies have focused on the potential benefits of heat exposure for cardiovascular health. However, the acute effects of heat therapy on conduit arteries remain unclear, particularly in overweight and obese older males and females. This study aimed to compare core temperature (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), heart rate (HR), and brachial, femoral, and carotid artery diameter and velocity (Doppler ultrasound) responses to an acute exercise (EXE) session versus hot water immersion (HWI), and to determine whether physiological responses are sex\u2010dependent. Twenty\u2010five overweight older adults (10\u2642\/15\u2640; age: 59 \u00b1 7, BMI: 29.4 \u00b1 3.4\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) underwent two experimental sessions (30\u00a0min): EXE (60\u201370% HR\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and HWI (40\u00b0C). HWI resulted in a larger increase in\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    across the session with the largest difference at 30\u00a0min (0.9 \u00b1 0.3 vs. 0.7 \u00b1 0.3\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.024). No differences were observed in\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    between males and females (interaction\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.271). HWI induced a lower rise in HR (\u2642 40 \u00b1 18 vs. \u2640 51 \u00b1 12\u00a0bpm at 30\u00a0min;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.013) than EXE, and females exhibited a larger change in HR after HWI than males (\u2642 27 \u00b1 12 vs. \u2640 48 \u00b1 17\u00a0bpm;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003). HWI also induced a larger reduction in systolic (\u22126 \u00b1 10 vs. 1 \u00b1 7\u00a0mmHg;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012) and diastolic BP (\u221210 \u00b1 9 vs. \u22122 \u00b1 5\u00a0mmHg;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001) than EXE, but with no sex differences. HWI induced a larger increase in brachial diameter, brachial and femoral velocity, brachial and femoral flow, and shear rate than EXE. Females exhibited significantly higher change in femoral velocity (\u2640 26 \u00b1 8 vs. \u2642 17 \u00b1 6\u00a0cm\/s;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.011) and shear rate (\u2640 157 \u00b1 55 vs. \u2642 98 \u00b1 38\u00a0cm\/s;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.008) in response to HWI than males. A single session of HWI induced larger vascular responses than exercise.\u00a0Males and females both benefit, but somewhat differently and possibly via different mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep093959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:05:06Z","timestamp":1790359506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in macrovascular responsiveness: Acute effects of hot water immersion versus aerobic exercise in overweight older adults"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliene G.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6843-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao Carlos","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristanti W.","family":"Wigati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Medical Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga  Surabaya Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise H.","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Science Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00780.2021","article-title":"High\u2010intensity exercise and passive hot water immersion cause similar postintervention changes in peripheral and cerebral shear","volume":"133","author":"Amin S. 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