{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:38:05Z","timestamp":1792658285782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001060","name":"Asthma Foundation of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electronic cigarettes generate an aerosol by heating an e\u2010liquid based on propylene glycol (PG) and\/or glycerin (VG), with or without nicotine and flavourings. Their acute respiratory effects, particularly with respect to asthma, remain poorly defined. We exposed ovalbumin\u2010sensitised female BALB\/c mice, which were subsequently challenged with ovalbumin (\u2018asthmatic\u2019) or saline (\u2018non\u2010asthmatic\u2019), to one of four e\u2010cigarette aerosols (PG or VG, each with 0 or 12\u00a0mg\/mL nicotine) for 30\u00a0s. Airway resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>aw<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), tissue damping (\n                    <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and tissue elastance (\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were measured once\/minute for 60\u00a0min using the forced oscillation technique. A second e\u2010cigarette aerosol was given at the 30\u2010min mark. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was taken for assessment of cellular inflammation. Group sizes were 4\u20139 mice (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a053 for lung mechanics and 57 for BAL). All aerosols acutely increased\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>aw<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and excipient was the dominant determinant. VG produced substantially larger increases than PG across most parameters and exposures (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001, except airway resistance after the first exposure,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0569), responses approximately doubled after a second exposure, and allergic sensitisation augmented the repeated\u2010exposure mechanical response. Nicotine was not required for these effects and, where significant, attenuated them. In BAL, granulocytic inflammation was confined to asthmatic mice and was greater with VG than PG. Acute e\u2010cigarette aerosol exposure is not innocuous; e\u2010liquid composition, especially the excipient, is a key determinant of acute respiratory effects independent of nicotine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep094175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:42:11Z","timestamp":1792654931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycerine drives acute lung\u2010function impairment and airway inflammation after e\u2010cigarette aerosol exposure in mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4196-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Larcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Wal\u2010yan Respiratory Research Centre The Kids Research Institute Australia  Nedlands Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine A.","family":"Janka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wal\u2010yan Respiratory Research Centre The Kids Research Institute Australia  Nedlands Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wal\u2010yan Respiratory Research Centre The Kids Research Institute Australia  Nedlands Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16151","article-title":"The impact of exposure to tobacco smoke and e\u2010cigarettes on asthma\u2010related outcomes: Systematic review informing the EAACI guidelines on environmental science for allergic diseases and asthma","volume":"79","author":"Agache I.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00116104","article-title":"Modulation of airway inflammation and resistance in mice by a nicotinic receptor agonist","volume":"26","author":"Blanchet M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0518-9","article-title":"Acute effects of nicotine\u2010free and flavour\u2010free electronic cigarette use on lung functions in healthy and asthmatic individuals","volume":"18","author":"Boulay M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50223-y","article-title":"The effect of flavored e\u2010cigarettes on murine allergic airways disease","volume":"9","author":"Chapman D. G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2018.1470207","article-title":"Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans","volume":"30","author":"Dalton P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2020.1802745","article-title":"Factors associated with electronic cigarette use among adolescents asthma in the Republic of Korea","volume":"58","author":"Han C. H. &","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Asthma"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.6.2420","article-title":"Inhaled nicotine in humans: Effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems","volume":"76","author":"Hansson L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.1.168","article-title":"Input impedance and peripheral inhomogeneity of dog lungs","volume":"72","author":"Hantos Z.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1285361","article-title":"Review of quantitative and functional lung imaging evidence of vaping\u2010related lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Hofmann J. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-022-00311-w","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of e\u2010cigarette use on lung function","volume":"32","author":"Honeycutt L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L467","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00137.2018","article-title":"Inhalation of electronic cigarette aerosol induces reflex bronchoconstriction by activation of vagal bronchopulmonary C\u2010fibers","volume":"315","author":"Khosravi M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1012723","article-title":"Vegetable glycerin e\u2010cigarette aerosols cause airway inflammation and ion channel dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Kim M. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13180","article-title":"Short\u2010term respiratory effects of e\u2010cigarettes in healthy individuals and smokers with asthma","volume":"23","author":"Lappas A. S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00203.2016","article-title":"The effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on inflammation and lung function in mice","volume":"313","author":"Larcombe A. N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104395","article-title":"E\u2010cigarettes exacerbate allergic inflammation via cytokine induction and MUC5AC\/5B expression in a murine asthma model","volume":"107","author":"Lee Y.\u2010H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134567","article-title":"Quantitative insights into major constituents contained in or released by electronic cigarettes: Propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine","volume":"703","author":"Lee Y.\u2010J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2020.1771270","article-title":"Effects of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine on emissions and dynamics of electronic cigarette aerosols","volume":"54","author":"Li L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.01.015","article-title":"Association between e\u2010cigarettes and asthma in adolescents: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"62","author":"Li X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128531","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes disrupt lung lipid homeostasis and innate immunity independent of nicotine","volume":"129","author":"Madison M. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1334","article-title":"An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use","volume":"141","author":"McCauley L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2025.111739","article-title":"Toxicity of humectants propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin in electronic nicotine delivery systems","volume":"413","author":"Sun Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology Letters"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176022","article-title":"Electronic\u2010cigarette vehicles and flavoring affect lung function and immune responses in a murine Model","volume":"21","author":"Szafran B. N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2020.1856238","article-title":"Effect of E\u2010cigarette aerosol exposure on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma","volume":"32","author":"Taha H. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.2005010","article-title":"Temporal association between airway hyperresponsiveness and airway eosinophilia in ovalbumin\u2010sensitized mice","volume":"163","author":"Tomkinson A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.10.649","article-title":"Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: Acute ocular and respiratory effects","volume":"58","author":"Wieslander G.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occupational and environmental medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02884.x","article-title":"Ovalbumin\u2010sensitized mice are good models for airway hyperresponsiveness but not acute physiological responses to allergen inhalation","volume":"38","author":"Zosky G. 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