{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:58:45Z","timestamp":1790506725838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102025\u201004011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102025\u201004011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dyspnoea is a multidimensional sensation of breathing discomfort that varies in sensory and affective experience. During exercise, healthy adults commonly report dyspnoea sensations of \u2018air hunger\u2019 and \u2018work\/effort\u2019, with females more frequently reporting air hunger at maximal exertion. Interpreting these sex differences and their underlying mechanisms is challenging due to the complex physiological responses associated with exercise. Therefore, this study used laboratory models to target respiratory stimuli and evaluate sex\u2010differences in perceptual and physiological responses to dyspnoea. In a randomized crossover design, 34 healthy participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a017M;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a017F) completed two breathing challenges. Work\/effort was targeted using incremental inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL). Air hunger was targeted by constraining ventilation while incrementally increasing the partial pressure of end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide (). Ratings of dyspnea intensity, unpleasantness, work\/effort and air hunger were assessed at the end of each increment. Electromyography of the crural diaphragm (EMG\n                    <jats:sub>di<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), sternocleidomastoid (EMG\n                    <jats:sub>scm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and scalene (EMG\n                    <jats:sub>sca<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were measured throughout each trial. Mixed\u2010effects models tested sex\u2010by\u2010stimulus interactions. During IPTL, males exhibited a significantly steeper increase in dyspnoea intensity and work\/effort ratings than females. These perceptual differences occurred without a concomitant sex difference in EMG\n                    <jats:sub>di,<\/jats:sub>\n                    while EMG\n                    <jats:sub>scm<\/jats:sub>\n                    and EMG\n                    <jats:sub>sca<\/jats:sub>\n                    were lower in males compared to females. During hypercapnia, there were no sex\u2010by\u2010stimulus interactions for perceptual or physiological outcomes, despite significantly greater EMG\n                    <jats:sub>scm<\/jats:sub>\n                    in females than males. These findings highlight that sex differences in dyspnoea are stimulus\u2010dependent, occurring during mechanical loading but not chemostimulation, and may partly reflect differences in perceptual anchoring to experience and expectation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep094211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:24:46Z","timestamp":1790504686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stimulus\u2010dependent sex differences in dyspnoea: Mechanical loading vs. hypercapnia"],"prefix":"10.1113","author":[{"given":"Jack R.","family":"Dunsford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Radivojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia N.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alanna S.","family":"Hind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele R.","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satvir S.","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo B.","family":"Dominelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4021-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Molgat\u2010Seon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health University of Winnipeg  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan A.","family":"Guenette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia (UBC) and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy UBC  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine UBC  Vancouver British Columbia 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An official American thoracic society and European respiratory society technical statement","volume":"200","author":"Graham B. L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/956081","article-title":"Inspiratory capacity during exercise: Measurement, analysis, and interpretation","volume":"2013","author":"Guenette J. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulmonary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Dyspnea","author":"Guenette J. A.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01341.2009","article-title":"Sex differences in exercise\u2010induced diaphragmatic fatigue in endurance\u2010trained athletes","volume":"109","author":"Guenette J. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2025.104436","article-title":"Biological sex differences in the perception of CO2\u2010induced air hunger","volume":"335","author":"Hall L. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.11.016","article-title":"Barriers to pulmonary rehabilitation: Characteristics that predict patient attendance and adherence","volume":"107","author":"Hayton C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.2.155","article-title":"Dyspnoea and quality of life in older people at home","volume":"30","author":"Ho S. 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