{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:52:41Z","timestamp":1761580361218,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]],"date-time":"2006-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland is mediated by nitric oxide\u2010dependent and \u2010independent mechanisms (prostacyclin and endothelium\u2010derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)). The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender on the relative contributions of each pathway to nerve\u2010stimulated vasodilatation. Absolute increases in perfusion (laser Doppler flowmetry) were similar in male and female rats (in arbitrary perfusion units: 6159 \u00b1 4530 and 5601 \u00b1 3877 at 2 Hz; 15645 \u00b1 6830 and 14848 \u00b1 6118 at 5 Hz; and 22418 \u00b1 7660 and 18878 \u00b1 5864 at 10 Hz). However, expressed as a percentage increase above resting values, stimulated perfusion was higher in males than in females (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). In males both<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u03c9<\/jats:sup>\u2010nitro\u2010<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010arginine methyl ester (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME) and indomethacin partly blocked parasympathetic vasodilatation at all frequencies tested (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). In female rats significant reductions in nerve\u2010stimulated perfusion were observed only at 2 and 5 Hz, but the effects of<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME were greater than in males (\u221264 compared with \u221245% at 2 Hz and \u221245 compared with \u221233% at 5 Hz,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Indomethacin by itself had no apparent effect in females. The combined effects of<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME and indomethacin were dependent on the order of administration and on gender. Following<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME, indomethacin had no further effect in males or females.<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME reduced indomethacin\u2010resistant vasodilatation in males and females, but the added effect of indomethacin was more pronounced in males. Finally, atropine\u2010resistant vasodilatation was partly blocked by<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010NAME, and the remaining vasodilatation was abolished by spantide I (substance P receptor antagonist). We conclude that NO, products of cyclo\u2010oxygenase activity and EDHF all play a role in parasympathetic vasodilatation, but that NO and EDHF are the major endothelium\u2010derived vasodilators in the rat submandibular gland. In addition, when other pathways are blocked EDHF makes a greater contribution in females. Lastly, both vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P contribute to the atropine\u2010resistant vasodilatation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.032730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,20]],"date-time":"2005-12-20T01:25:24Z","timestamp":1135041924000},"page":"435-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The influence of gender on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the submandibular gland of the rat"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Leigh C.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dallen L.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth 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