{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:54:30Z","timestamp":1773420870078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,12]],"date-time":"2007-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In two studies, the cold shock and diving responses were investigated after human face immersion without prior hyperventilation to explore the mechanism(s) accounting for reductions in maximal apnoeic times (AT<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) at low water temperatures. In study 1, AT<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, heart rate (HR) and cutaneous blood cell velocity were measured in 13 non\u2010apnoea\u2010trained males during apnoeic face immersion in 0, 10, 20 and 33\u00b0C water and room air (AIR). In study 2, six males were measured during non\u2010apnoeic face immersion in 0, 10 and 33\u00b0C water for ventilation (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu1.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), HR and oxygen consumption (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu2.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>), as well for end\u2010tidal partial pressures of oxygen (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu3.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>) and carbon dioxide (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu4.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/>). Results indicated that the AT<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> of 30.7 s (<jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> 7.1 s) at 0\u00b0C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and 48.2 s (<jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> 16.0 s) at 10\u00b0C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) were significantly shorter than that of \u223c58 s in AIR or 33\u00b0C. During apnoea at 0, 10, 20 and 33\u00b0C, both the deceleration of HR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and peripheral vasoconstriction (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), as well as the peak HR at 0\u00b0C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.002) were significantly greater than in AIR. At 0\u00b0C in comparison with 33\u00b0C, non\u2010apnoeic face immersions gave peaks in \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu5.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.039), RER (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.025), \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu6.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.032) and HR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.011), as well as lower minimum values for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu7.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.033) and HR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.002). With \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu8.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> as the covariate, ANCOVA showed that \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/EPH_323_mu9.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline image\"\/> remained significantly greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.003) at lower water temperatures. In conclusion, during face immersion at 10\u00b0C and below, there is a non\u2010metabolic, neurally mediated cold shock\u2010like response that shortens apnoea, stimulates ventilation and predominates over the oxygen conserving effects of the dive response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,14]],"date-time":"2006-11-14T01:48:41Z","timestamp":1163468921000},"page":"197-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Human face\u2010only immersion in cold water reduces maximal apnoeic times and stimulates ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Ollie","family":"Jay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia P. 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