{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:26:59Z","timestamp":1759692419091,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]],"date-time":"2012-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucocorticoids have been shown to modulate the expression of noradrenaline metabolizing enzymes and \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010 and \u03b1<jats:sub>1B<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoceptors in a tissue\u2010 and cell\u2010 specific manner. In the thymus, apart from extensive sympathetic innervation, a regulatory network has been identified that encompasses catecholamine\u2010containing non\u2010lymphoid and lymphoid cells. We examined a putative role of adrenal\u2010 and thymus\u2010derived glucocorticoids in modulation of rat thymic noradrenaline levels and adrenoceptor expression. Seven days postadrenalectomy, the thymic levels of mRNAs encoding tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase\u2010A and, consequently, noradrenaline were decreased. Catecholamine content was diminished in autofluorescent nerve fibres (judging by the intensity of fluorescence) and thymocytes (considering HPLC measurements of noradrenaline and the frequency of tyrosine hydroxylase\u2010positive cells), while it remained unaltered in non\u2010lymphoid autofluorescent cells. In addition, adrenalectomy diminished the thymocyte expression of \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010 and \u03b1<jats:sub>1B<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoceptors at both mRNA and protein levels. Administration of ketoconazole (an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis\/action; 25 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>,<jats:sc>s.c<\/jats:sc>.) to glucocorticoid\u2010deprived rats increased the thymic levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase and, consequently, noradrenaline. The increased intensity of the autofluorescent cell fluorescence in ketoconazole\u2010treated rats indicated an increase in their catecholamine content, and suggested differential glucocorticoid\u2010mediated regulation of catecholamines in thymic lymphoid and non\u2010lymphoid cells. In addition, ketoconazole increased the thymocyte expression of \u03b1<jats:sub>1B<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoceptors. Thus, this study indicates that in the thymus, as in some other tissues, glucocorticoids not only act in concert with cateholamines, but they may modulate catecholamine action by tuning thymic catecholamine metabolism and adrenoceptor expression in a cell\u2010specific manner. Additionally, the study indicates a role of thymus\u2010derived glucocorticoids in this modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.064899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,5]],"date-time":"2012-05-05T12:27:51Z","timestamp":1336220871000},"page":"1211-1223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Catecholaminergic signalling through thymic nerve fibres, thymocytes and stromal cells is dependent on both circulating and locally synthesized glucocorticoids"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Pilipovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Radojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Peri\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Kosec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Nacka\u2010Aleksi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Djiki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Leposavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000066787"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.14.5636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.140490"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90353-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090092034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2002.35.1.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031958"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-3-599"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10098","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-22-10098.1999","article-title":"Expression of \u03b11b adrenoceptor mRNA in corticotropin\u2010releasing hormone\u2010containing cells of the rat hypothalamus and its regulation by corticosterone","volume":"19","author":"Day HE","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300044"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01470-4","article-title":"The sympathetic nerve\u2014an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system","volume":"52","author":"Elenkov IJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.755"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(93)90300-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03293-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.12.4.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0474"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Stereological analysis of the sexually mature rat thymus after orchidectomy","volume":"102","author":"Karapetrovic B","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Components of sympathetic innervation of the rat thymus during late fetal and postnatal development: histofluorescence and biochemical study. 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