{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:14:30Z","timestamp":1779912870384,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of changes to the autonomic nervous system in mice during the acute phase of Chagas disease, which is an infection caused by the parasite <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>. The following types of mice were inoculated with <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> (CHG): wild\u2010type (WT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter knockdown (KDVAChT) C57BL\/6j mice; wild\u2010type non\u2010treated (NT) FVB mice; FVB mice treated with pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) or salbutamol (SALB); and \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic receptor knockout (KO\u03b22) FVB mice. During infection and at 18\u201321\u00a0days after infection (acute phase), the survival curves, parasitaemia, electrocardiograms, heart rate variability, autonomic tonus and histopathology of the animals were evaluated. Negative control groups were matched for age, genetic background and treatment. The KDVAChT\u2010CHG mice exhibited a significant shift in the electrocardiographic, autonomic and histopathological profiles towards a greater inflammatory immune response that was associated with a reduction in blood and tissue parasitism. In contrast, the CHG\u2010PYR mice manifested reduced myocardial inflammation and lower blood and tissue parasitism. Similar results were observed in CHG\u2010SALB animals. Unexpectedly, the KO\u03b22\u2010CHG mice exhibited less myocardial inflammation and higher blood and tissue parasitism, which were associated with reduced mortality. These findings could have been due to the increase in vagal tone observed in the KO\u03b22 mice, which rendered them more similar to the CHG\u2010PYR animals. In conclusion, our results indicate a marked immunomodulatory role for the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous systems, which inhibit both the inflammatory immune response and parasite clearance during the acute phase of experimental Chagas heart disease in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.066431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,17]],"date-time":"2012-06-17T21:21:51Z","timestamp":1339968111000},"page":"1186-1202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Autonomic nervous system modulation affects the inflammatory immune response in mice with acute Chagas disease"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Marcus Paulo Ribeiro","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aletheia Moraes","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Felipe","family":"de 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