{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:18:19Z","timestamp":1791173899099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 (IGF\u20101) promotes muscle hypertrophy, but no studies have investigated the effect of IGF\u20101 on the susceptibility of atrophied muscles to reloading\u2010induced muscle injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and what is its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>We employed a comprehensive set of methods, including muscle physiological measurements, molecular biology techniques and non\u2010invasive magnetic resonance imaging. The results concurrently demonstrate that local overexpression of IGF\u20101 in a primary antigravity muscle protects the muscle from reloading\u2010induced muscle damage and accelerates muscle regeneration and functional recovery following cast immobilization. These findings add new physiological significance to the benefits of IGF\u20101 on skeletal muscle mass and force generation during varied loading conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p>Skeletal muscle is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to endogenous and external stimuli, including alterations in mechanical loading and growth factors. In particular, the antigravity soleus muscle experiences significant muscle atrophy during disuse and extensive muscle damage upon reloading. Given that insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 (IGF\u20101) has been implicated as a central regulator of muscle repair and modulation of muscle size, we examined the effect of virally mediated overexpression of IGF\u20101 on the soleus muscle following hindlimb cast immobilization and upon reloading. Recombinant IGF\u20101 cDNA virus was injected into one of the posterior hindlimbs of the mice, while the contralateral limb was injected with saline (control). At 20 weeks of age, both hindlimbs were immobilized for 2 weeks to induce muscle atrophy in the soleus and ankle plantarflexor muscle group. Subsequently, the mice were allowed to reambulate, and muscle damage and recovery were monitored over a period of 2\u201321 days. The primary finding of this study was that IGF\u20101 overexpression attenuated reloading\u2010induced muscle damage in the soleus muscle, and accelerated muscle regeneration and force recovery. Muscle T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, a non\u2010specific marker of muscle damage, was significantly lower in IGF\u20101\u2010injected compared with contralateral soleus muscles at 2 and 5 days reambulation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The reduced prevalence of muscle damage in IGF\u20101\u2010injected soleus muscles was confirmed on histology, with a lower fractional area of abnormal muscle tissue in IGF\u20101\u2010injected muscles at 2 days reambulation (33.2 \u00b1 3.3 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 54.1 \u00b1 3.6%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Evidence of the effect of IGF\u20101 on muscle regeneration included timely increases in the number of central nuclei (21% at 5 days reambulation), paired\u2010box transcription factor 7 (36% at 5 days), embryonic myosin (37% at 10 days) and elevated MyoD mRNA (7\u2010fold at 2 days) in IGF\u20101\u2010injected limbs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). These findings demonstrate a potential role of IGF\u20101 in protecting unloaded skeletal muscles from damage and accelerating muscle repair and regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.070722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,5]],"date-time":"2013-01-05T06:32:31Z","timestamp":1357367551000},"page":"1038-1052","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Overexpression of insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 attenuates skeletal muscle damage and accelerates muscle regeneration and functional recovery after disuse"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn A.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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